DR. JOSEPH ANTHONY GUZZO M.D.
Prescription History 1881680098
Internal Medicine - Interventional Cardiology in Raleigh, NC

Active since September 22, 2005PECOS EnrolledAccepts Medicare Assignment
4201 LAKE BOONE TRL, SUITE 104, RALEIGH, NC 27607(919) 881-0160(919) 881-0887 Get Directions

NPPES record last updated: April 14, 2021. Verified against the NPPES registry weekly; last sync: October 11, 2026.

Record update history: Apr 14, 2021, Sep 19, 2019 (2 updates tracked since 2019).

Medicare Part D Prescription History

Explore the verified Medicare Part D prescription history, volume metrics, and calculated drug costs for DR. JOSEPH ANTHONY GUZZO M.D., an active Interventional Cardiology specialist practicing in Raleigh, NC. Our medical registry currently tracks 17 unique pharmaceutical formulations prescribed by this provider, representing an estimated volume of 517 documented patient claims. Among these therapy options, the most frequently utilized medication is Eliquis, which accounts for 66 claims alone. Use the table below to sort by claims, cost, or utilization compared with the state average; select any medication for its full profile.

17
Medications
517
Total Claims
1,326
30-Day Fills
Eliquis
Most Prescribed · 66 claims
View details
17 medications · 2024 Medicare Part D
Medicare Part D medications prescribed by DR. JOSEPH ANTHONY GUZZO M.D. in 2024, with prescription volumes, average cost per fill, and NC state comparisons
Medication Prescriptions (2024)Rx (2024) Avg Cost per FillCost / Fill Vs. Other NC PrescribersVs. NC Avg

About Eliquis: Apixaban is used to prevent serious blood clots from forming due to a certain irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation) or after hip/knee replacement surgery. Show more ▾

With atrial fibrillation, part of the heart does not beat the way it should. This can lead to blood clots forming, which can travel to other parts of your body (such as the lungs or legs) or increase your risk for stroke. In the United States, apixaban is also approved to treat certain types of blood clots (deep vein thrombosis-DVT, pulmonary embolus-PE) and to prevent them from forming again. Apixaban is an anticoagulant that works by blocking certain clotting proteins in your blood. An antithrombotic agent.

In 2024, this provider wrote 66 Medicare prescriptions for Eliquis, about 72% of the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (92). Medicare paid an average of $1,289.86 per fill, versus $835.47 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
66
NC average
92.0

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$1,289.86
NC average
$835.47

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

151.3
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
4,524
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Carvedilol: Carvedilol is used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. Show more ▾

It is also used after a heart attack to improve the chance of survival if your heart is not pumping well. Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. This drug works by blocking the action of certain natural substances in your body, such as epinephrine, on the heart and blood vessels. This effect lowers your heart rate, blood pressure, and strain on your heart. Carvedilol belongs to a class of drugs known as alpha and beta blockers. A carbazole and propanol derivative that acts as a non-cardioselective beta blocker and vasodilator. It has blocking activity for ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and, at higher doses, may function as a blocker of CALCIUM CHANNELS; it also has antioxidant properties. Carvedilol is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION; ANGINA PECTORIS; and HEART FAILURE. It can also reduce the risk of death following MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

In 2024, this provider wrote 64 Medicare prescriptions for Carvedilol, about the same volume as the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (63). Medicare paid an average of $8.58 per fill, versus $7.93 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
64
NC average
63.0

This provider's prescribing volume for this medication is in line with the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$8.58
NC average
$7.93

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

160
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
4,800
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Metoprolol Succinate: This medication is a beta-blocker used to treat chest pain (angina), heart failure, and high blood pressure. Show more ▾

Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. This drug works by blocking the action of certain natural chemicals in your body (such as epinephrine) that affect the heart and blood vessels. This lowers heart rate, blood pressure, and strain on the heart. A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.

In 2024, this provider wrote 55 Medicare prescriptions for Metoprolol Succinate, about half the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (108.4). Medicare paid an average of $10.19 per fill, versus $12.24 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
55
NC average
108.4

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$10.19
NC average
$12.24

This provider's average cost per fill is below the NC average for this medication.

161
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
4,830
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Diltiazem 24hr Er (Cd): Diltiazem is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and prevent chest pain (angina). Show more ▾

Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. When used regularly, diltiazem can decrease the number and severity of episodes of chest pain from angina. It may help increase your ability to exercise. Diltiazem is called a calcium channel blocker. It works by relaxing blood vessels in the body and heart so blood can flow more easily. Diltiazem also lowers your heart rate. These effects help the heart work less hard and lower blood pressure. A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.

In 2024, this provider wrote 47 Medicare prescriptions for Diltiazem 24hr Er (Cd), about 1.3 times the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (36.8). Medicare paid an average of $9.58 per fill, versus $22.51 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
47
NC average
36.8

This provider prescribes this medication more often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$9.58
NC average
$22.51

This provider's average cost per fill is below the NC average for this medication.

104.7
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
3,140
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Atorvastatin Calcium: Atorvastatin is used along with a proper diet to help lower "bad" cholesterol and fats (such as LDL, triglycerides) and raise "good" cholesterol (HDL) in the blood. Show more ▾

It belongs to a group of drugs known as "statins." It works by reducing the amount of cholesterol made by the liver. Lowering "bad" cholesterol and triglycerides and raising "good" cholesterol decreases the risk of heart disease and helps prevent strokes and heart attacks. In addition to eating a proper diet (such as a low-cholesterol/low-fat diet), other lifestyle changes that may help this medication work better include exercising, losing weight if overweight, and stopping smoking. Consult your doctor for more details. A pyrrole and heptanoic acid derivative, HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITOR (statin), and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that is used to reduce serum levels of LDL-CHOLESTEROL; APOLIPOPROTEIN B; and TRIGLYCERIDES. It is used to increase serum levels of HDL-CHOLESTEROL in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS, and for the prevention of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES in patients with multiple risk factors.

In 2024, this provider wrote 42 Medicare prescriptions for Atorvastatin Calcium, about a quarter of the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (179.1). Medicare paid an average of $16.12 per fill, versus $9.41 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
42
NC average
179.1

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$16.12
NC average
$9.41

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

124
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
3,720
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Losartan Potassium: Losartan is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and to help protect the kidneys from damage due to diabetes. Show more ▾

It is also used to lower the risk of strokes in patients with high blood pressure and an enlarged heart. Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. Losartan belongs to a class of drugs called angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). It works by relaxing blood vessels so that blood can flow more easily. An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.

In 2024, this provider wrote 41 Medicare prescriptions for Losartan Potassium, about a third of the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (108.2). Medicare paid an average of $9.80 per fill, versus $9.16 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
41
NC average
108.2

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$9.80
NC average
$9.16

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

94
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
2,820
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Amlodipine Besylate: Amlodipine is used with or without other medications to treat high blood pressure. Show more ▾

Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. Amlodipine belongs to a class of drugs known as calcium channel blockers. It works by relaxing blood vessels so blood can flow more easily. Amlodipine is also used to prevent certain types of chest pain (angina). It may help to increase your ability to exercise and decrease the frequency of angina attacks. It should not be used to treat attacks of chest pain when they occur. Use other medications (such as sublingual nitroglycerin) to relieve attacks of chest pain as directed by your doctor. A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

In 2024, this provider wrote 32 Medicare prescriptions for Amlodipine Besylate, about a quarter of the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (149.9). Medicare paid an average of $11.43 per fill, versus $5.92 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
32
NC average
149.9

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$11.43
NC average
$5.92

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

78.7
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
2,255
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Clopidogrel: Clopidogrel is used to prevent heart attacks and strokes in persons with heart disease (recent heart attack), recent stroke, or blood circulation disease (peripheral vascular disease). Show more ▾

It is also used with aspirin to treat new/worsening chest pain (new heart attack, unstable angina) and to keep blood vessels open and prevent blood clots after certain procedures (such as cardiac stent). Clopidogrel works by blocking platelets from sticking together and prevents them from forming harmful clots. It is an antiplatelet drug. It helps keep blood flowing smoothly in your body. A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.

In 2024, this provider wrote 24 Medicare prescriptions for Clopidogrel, about half the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (56.6). Medicare paid an average of $23.31 per fill, versus $10.33 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
24
NC average
56.6

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$23.31
NC average
$10.33

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

72
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
2,160
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Entresto: This product is used to treat certain types of heart failure. Show more ▾

It may help you live longer and lower your chance of having to go to the hospital for heart failure. This product contains 2 medications: sacubitril and valsartan. Sacubitril belongs to a class of drugs called neprilysin inhibitors and valsartan belongs to a class of drugs called angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). They work by relaxing blood vessels so that blood can flow more easily, which makes it easier for your heart to pump blood to your body. An angiotensin II receptor antagonist.

In 2024, this provider wrote 21 Medicare prescriptions for Entresto, about a third of the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (56.3). Medicare paid an average of $1,183.79 per fill, versus $967.10 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
21
NC average
56.3

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$1,183.79
NC average
$967.10

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

37
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
1,110
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Metoprolol Tartrate: Metoprolol is used with or without other medications to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Show more ▾

Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. This medication is also used to treat chest pain (angina) and to improve survival after a heart attack. Metoprolol belongs to a class of drugs known as beta blockers. It works by blocking the action of certain natural chemicals in your body, such as epinephrine, on the heart and blood vessels. This effect lowers the heart rate, blood pressure, and strain on the heart. A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.

In 2024, this provider wrote 21 Medicare prescriptions for Metoprolol Tartrate, about a third of the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (62.6). Medicare paid an average of $5.79 per fill, versus $6.24 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
21
NC average
62.6

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$5.79
NC average
$6.24

This provider's average cost per fill is below the NC average for this medication.

61
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
1,830
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Hydrochlorothiazide: This medication is used to treat high blood pressure. Show more ▾

Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. Hydrochlorothiazide belongs to a class of drugs known as diuretics/"water pills." It works by causing you to make more urine. This helps your body get rid of extra salt and water. This medication also reduces extra fluid in the body (edema) caused by conditions such as heart failure, liver disease, or kidney disease. This can lessen symptoms such as shortness of breath or swelling in your ankles or feet. A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.

In 2024, this provider wrote 18 Medicare prescriptions for Hydrochlorothiazide, about a quarter of the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (79.5). Medicare paid an average of $2.39 per fill, versus $4.14 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
18
NC average
79.5

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$2.39
NC average
$4.14

This provider's average cost per fill is below the NC average for this medication.

46
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
1,380
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Ezetimibe: Ezetimibe is used along with a low cholesterol/low fat diet and exercise to help lower cholesterol in the blood. Show more ▾

Ezetimibe may be used alone or with other drugs (such as "statins" or fibrates). Ezetimibe works by reducing the amount of cholesterol your body absorbs from your diet. Reducing cholesterol may help prevent strokes and heart attacks. An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.

In 2024, this provider wrote 18 Medicare prescriptions for Ezetimibe, about a third of the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (52.8). Medicare paid an average of $15.44 per fill, versus $17.30 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
18
NC average
52.8

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$15.44
NC average
$17.30

This provider's average cost per fill is below the NC average for this medication.

54
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
1,620
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Lisinopril: Lisinopril is used to treat high blood pressure. Show more ▾

Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. It is also used to treat heart failure and to improve survival after a heart attack. Lisinopril belongs to a class of drugs known as ACE inhibitors. It works by relaxing blood vessels so blood can flow more easily. One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

In 2024, this provider wrote 17 Medicare prescriptions for Lisinopril, about 16% of the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (109.6). Medicare paid an average of $27.14 per fill, versus $6.57 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
17
NC average
109.6

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$27.14
NC average
$6.57

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

51
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
1,530
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Ranolazine Er: Ranolazine is used to treat a certain type of chest pain (chronic angina). Show more ▾

It decreases how often you may get chest pain and may help to increase your ability to exercise. Ranolazine works differently than other drugs for angina, so it can be used with your other angina medications (including nitrates, calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine, beta blockers such as metoprolol). It is thought to work by improving how well the heart uses oxygen so that it can do more work with less oxygen. An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.

In 2024, this provider wrote 14 Medicare prescriptions for Ranolazine Er, about a third of the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (39.3). Medicare paid an average of $99.79 per fill, versus $77.64 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
14
NC average
39.3

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$99.79
NC average
$77.64

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

42
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
1,260
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Irbesartan-Hydrochlorothiazide: This drug is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Show more ▾

Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. This product contains two medications: irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide. Irbesartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and works by relaxing blood vessels so that blood can flow more easily. Hydrochlorothiazide is a "water pill" (diuretic) that causes you to make more urine, which helps your body get rid of extra salt and water.

In 2024, this provider wrote 13 Medicare prescriptions for Irbesartan-Hydrochlorothiazide, about half the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (23). Medicare paid an average of $11.39 per fill, versus $21.29 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
13
NC average
23.0

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$11.39
NC average
$21.29

This provider's average cost per fill is below the NC average for this medication.

25
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
750
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Rosuvastatin Calcium: Rosuvastatin is used along with a proper diet to help lower "bad" cholesterol and fats (such as LDL, triglycerides) and raise "good" cholesterol (HDL) in the blood. Show more ▾

It belongs to a group of drugs known as "statins." It works by reducing the amount of cholesterol made by the liver. Lowering "bad" cholesterol and triglycerides and raising "good" cholesterol decreases the risk of heart disease and helps to prevent strokes and heart attacks. In addition to eating a proper diet (such as a low cholesterol/low-fat diet), other lifestyle changes that may help this medication work better include exercising, losing weight if overweight, and stopping smoking. Talk with your doctor for more details. A HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR, or statin, that reduces the plasma concentrations of LDL-CHOLESTEROL; APOLIPOPROTEIN B, and TRIGLYCERIDES while increasing HDL-CHOLESTEROL levels in patients with HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA and those at risk for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.

In 2024, this provider wrote 13 Medicare prescriptions for Rosuvastatin Calcium, about 10% of the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (124.4). Medicare paid an average of $19.76 per fill, versus $11.22 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
13
NC average
124.4

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$19.76
NC average
$11.22

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

37
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
1,110
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Prasugrel Hcl: Prasugrel is used with aspirin by patients with heart disease (recent heart attack, unstable angina) who undergo a certain heart procedure (angioplasty). Show more ▾

This medication helps to prevent other serious heart/blood vessel problems (such as heart attacks, strokes, blood clots in stents). It works by blocking platelets from sticking together and prevents them from forming harmful blood clots. This "anti-platelet" effect helps to keep blood flowing smoothly in your body. A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.

In 2024, this provider wrote 11 Medicare prescriptions for Prasugrel Hcl, about half the volume of the typical North Carolina prescriber of this medication (24.1). Medicare paid an average of $57.18 per fill, versus $52.62 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
11
NC average
24.1

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average NC prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$57.18
NC average
$52.62

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

27
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
810
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024
No medications match the current filters.
= the 5 medications this provider prescribes most.▲ More than typical≈ Typical▼ Less than typical= prescription volume vs the average NC prescriber of the same medication; volume reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.Green cost= below the NC average cost per fill.

About this data. The prescription history for DR. JOSEPH ANTHONY GUZZO M.D. is compiled from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Medicare Part D Prescriber Public Use File for calendar year 2024, the most recent federal release. Figures cover prescriptions filled for Medicare Part D beneficiaries only; prescriptions under private insurance, Medicaid, or self-pay plans are not included. Because prescribing decisions are generally consistent across coverage types, this record offers a useful view of the overall Interventional Cardiology prescribing approach at this Raleigh, NC practice.

Reading the costs. Drug costs are gross amounts paid to pharmacies under Part D, including both plan and beneficiary payments. They are not the price a patient pays at the pharmacy counter. Medications with fewer than 11 claims are excluded from the federal source data, and state comparisons use the average among NC prescribers of the same medication and form, shown only when at least five prescribers contribute. Always confirm current medications and costs directly with the provider and your plan.

About the medication summaries. Drug use descriptions come from the CMS Medicare Part D Drug Spending Dashboard (2024), and substance definitions from Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) 2026, U.S. National Library of Medicine. They are summaries that do not contain all possible information about a medication and are not individual medical advice. Ask a health care professional about any medication and your specific health needs.