NPI Data Dictionary: NPPES Fields and Code Values
This dictionary explains every field in the NPPES bulk data file, its three reference files, and the Medicare Order and Referring file, in plain English with code values and official CMS sources. It also includes a Quick Terms glossary for the words behind the fields. Search or browse by dataset and category on the left.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 1 | Individual: a human being who furnishes health care |
| 2 | Organization: an entity other than an individual, such as a hospital, pharmacy, or HMO |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Ms. | Ms. |
| Mr. | Mr. |
| Miss | Miss |
| Mrs. | Mrs. |
| Dr. | Dr. |
| Prof. | Prof. |
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Jr. | Jr. |
| Sr. | Sr. |
| I - X | Roman numerals I through X |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 1 | Former name |
| 2 | Professional name |
| 3 | Doing business as (d/b/a) |
| 4 | Former legal business name |
| 5 | Other |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Ms. | Ms. |
| Mr. | Mr. |
| Miss | Miss |
| Mrs. | Mrs. |
| Dr. | Dr. |
| Prof. | Prof. |
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Jr. | Jr. |
| Sr. | Sr. |
| I - X | Roman numerals I through X |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 1 | Former name |
| 2 | Professional name |
| 3 | Doing business as (d/b/a) |
| 4 | Former legal business name |
| 5 | Other |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| AK | ALASKA (S) |
| AL | ALABAMA (S) |
| AR | ARKANSAS (S) |
| AS | AMERICAN SAMOA (T) |
| AZ | ARIZONA (S) |
| CA | CALIFORNIA (S) |
| CO | COLORADO (S) |
| CT | CONNECTICUT (S) |
| DC | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (T) |
| DE | DELAWARE (S) |
| FL | FLORIDA (S) |
| FM | MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF (T) |
| GA | GEORGIA (S) |
| GU | GUAM (T) |
| HI | HAWAII (S) |
| IA | IOWA (S) |
| ID | IDAHO (S) |
| IL | ILLINOIS (S) |
| IN | INDIANA (S) |
| KS | KANSAS (S) |
| KY | KENTUCKY (S) |
| LA | LOUISIANA (S) |
| MA | MASSACHUSETTS (S) |
| MD | MARYLAND (S) |
| ME | MAINE (S) |
| MH | MARSHALL ISLANDS (T) |
| MI | MICHIGAN (S) |
| MN | MINNESOTA (S) |
| MO | MISSOURI (S) |
| MP | MARIANA ISLANDS, NORTHERN (T) |
| MS | MISSISSIPPI (S) |
| MT | MONTANA (S) |
| NC | NORTH CAROLINA (S) |
| ND | NORTH DAKOTA (S) |
| NE | NEBRASKA (S) |
| NH | NEW HAMPSHIRE (S) |
| NJ | NEW JERSEY (S) |
| NM | NEW MEXICO (S) |
| NV | NEVADA (S) |
| NY | NEW YORK (S) |
| OH | OHIO (S) |
| OK | OKLAHOMA (S) |
| OR | OREGON (S) |
| PA | PENNSYLVANIA (S) |
| PR | PUERTO RICO (T) |
| PW | PALAU (T) |
| RI | RHODE ISLAND (S) |
| SC | SOUTH CAROLINA (S) |
| SD | SOUTH DAKOTA (S) |
| TN | TENNESSEE (S) |
| TX | TEXAS (S) |
| UT | UTAH (S) |
| VA | VIRGINIA (S) |
| VI | VIRGIN ISLANDS (T) |
| VT | VERMONT (S) |
| WA | WASHINGTON (S) |
| WI | WISCONSIN (S) |
| WV | WEST VIRGINIA (S) |
| WY | WYOMING (S) |
| ZZ | Foreign Country (T) |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| AD | ANDORRA |
| AE | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES |
| AF | AFGHANISTAN |
| AG | ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA |
| AI | ANGUILLA |
| AL | ALBANIA |
| AM | ARMENIA |
| AN | NETHERLANDS ANTILLES |
| AO | ANGOLA |
| AQ | ANTARCTICA |
| AR | ARGENTINA |
| AT | AUSTRIA |
| AU | AUSTRALIA |
| AW | ARUBA |
| AX | ALAND ISLANDS |
| AZ | AZERBAIJAN |
| BA | BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA |
| BB | BARBADOS |
| BD | BANGLADESH |
| BE | BELGIUM |
| BF | BURKINA FASO |
| BG | BULGARIA |
| BH | BAHRAIN |
| BI | BURUNDI |
| BJ | BENIN |
| BM | BERMUDA |
| BN | BRUNEI DARUSSALAM |
| BO | BOLIVIA |
| BR | BRAZIL |
| BS | BAHAMAS |
| BT | BHUTAN |
| BV | BOUVET ISLAND |
| BW | BOTSWANA |
| BY | BELARUS |
| BZ | BELIZE |
| CA | CANADA |
| CC | COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS |
| CD | CONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE |
| CF | CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC |
| CG | CONGO |
| CH | SWITZERLAND |
| CI | CÔTE D'IVOIRE |
| CK | COOK ISLANDS |
| CL | CHILE |
| CM | CAMEROON |
| CN | CHINA |
| CO | COLOMBIA |
| CR | COSTA RICA |
| CS | SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO |
| CU | CUBA |
| CV | CAPE VERDE |
| CX | CHRISTMAS ISLAND |
| CY | CYPRUS |
| CZ | CZECH REPUBLIC |
| DE | GERMANY |
| DJ | DJIBOUTI |
| DK | DENMARK |
| DM | DOMINICA |
| DO | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC |
| DZ | ALGERIA |
| EC | ECUADOR |
| EE | ESTONIA |
| EG | EGYPT |
| EH | WESTERN SAHARA |
| ER | ERITREA |
| ES | SPAIN |
| ET | ETHIOPIA |
| FI | FINLAND |
| FJ | FIJI |
| FK | FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS) |
| FO | FAROE ISLANDS |
| FR | FRANCE |
| GA | GABON |
| GB | GREAT BRITAIN (UK) |
| GD | GRENADA |
| GE | GEORGIA |
| GF | FRENCH GUIANA |
| GG | GUERNSEY |
| GH | GHANA |
| GI | GIBRALTAR |
| GL | GREENLAND |
| GM | GAMBIA |
| GN | GUINEA |
| GP | GUADELOUPE |
| GQ | EQUATIORIAL GUINEA |
| GR | GREECE |
| GS | SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS |
| GT | GUATEMALA |
| GW | GUINEA-BISSAU |
| GY | GUYANA |
| HK | HONG KONG |
| HM | HEARD ISLAND AND MCDONALD ISLANDS |
| HN | HONDURAS |
| HR | CROATIA |
| HT | HAITI |
| HU | HUNGARY |
| ID | INDONESIA |
| IE | IRELAND |
| IL | ISRAEL |
| IM | ISLE OF MAN |
| IN | INDIA |
| IO | BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY |
| IQ | IRAQ |
| IR | IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF |
| IS | ICELAND |
| IT | ITALY |
| JE | JERSEY |
| JM | JAMAICA |
| JO | JORDAN |
| JP | JAPAN |
| KE | KENYA |
| KG | KYRGYZSTAN |
| KH | CAMBODIA |
| KI | KIRIBATI |
| KM | COMOROS |
| KN | SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS |
| KP | KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF |
| KR | KOREA, REPUBLIC OF |
| KW | KUWAIT |
| KY | CAYMAN ISLANDS |
| KZ | KAZAKHSTAN |
| LA | LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC |
| LB | LEBANON |
| LC | SAINT LUCIA |
| LI | LIECHTENSTEIN |
| LK | SRI LANKA |
| LR | LIBEIRA |
| LS | LESOTHO |
| LT | LITHUANIA |
| LU | LUXEMBOURG |
| LV | LATVIA |
| LY | LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA |
| MA | MAROCCO |
| MC | MONACO |
| MD | MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF |
| MG | MADAGASCAR |
| MK | MACEDONIA, THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF |
| ML | MALI |
| MM | MYANMAR |
| MN | MONGOLIA |
| MO | MACAO |
| MQ | MARTINIQUE |
| MR | MAURITANIA |
| MS | MONTSERRAT |
| MT | MALTA |
| MU | MAURITIUS |
| MV | MALDIVES |
| MW | MALAWI |
| MX | MEXICO |
| MY | MALAYSIA |
| MZ | MOZAMBIQUE |
| NA | NAMIBIA |
| NC | NEW CALEDONIA |
| NE | NIGER |
| NF | NORFOLK ISLAND |
| NG | NIGERIA |
| NI | NICARAGUA |
| NL | NETHERLANDS |
| NO | NORWAY |
| NP | NEPAL |
| NR | NAURU |
| NU | NIUE |
| NZ | NEW ZEALAND |
| OM | OMAN |
| PA | PANAMA |
| PE | PERU |
| PF | FRENCH POLYNESIA |
| PG | PAPUA NEW GUINEA |
| PH | PHILIPPINES |
| PK | PAKISTAN |
| PL | POLAND |
| PM | SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON |
| PN | PITCAIRN |
| PS | PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, OCCUPIED |
| PT | PORTUGAL |
| PY | PARAGUAY |
| QA | QATAR |
| RE | REUNION |
| RO | ROMANIA |
| RU | RUSSIAN FEDERATION |
| RW | RWANDA |
| SA | SAUDI ARABIA |
| SB | SOLOMON ISLANDS |
| SC | SEYCHELLES |
| SD | SUDAN |
| SE | SWEDEN |
| SG | SINGAPORE |
| SH | SAINT HELENA |
| SI | SLOVENIA |
| SJ | SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN |
| SK | SLOVAKIA |
| SL | SIERRA LEONE |
| SM | SAN MARINO |
| SN | SENEGAL |
| SO | SOMALIA |
| SR | SURINAME |
| ST | SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE |
| SV | EL SALVADOR |
| SY | SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC |
| SZ | SWAZILAND |
| TC | TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS |
| TD | CHAD |
| TF | FRENCH SOUTHERN TERRITORIES |
| TG | TOGO |
| TH | THAILAND |
| TJ | TAJIKISTAN |
| TK | TOKELAU |
| TL | TIMOR-LESTE |
| TM | TURKMENISTAN |
| TN | TUNISIA |
| TO | TONGA |
| TR | TURKEY |
| TT | TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO |
| TV | TUVALU |
| TW | TAIWAN |
| TZ | TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF |
| UA | UKRAINE |
| UG | UGANDA |
| UM | UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS |
| US | UNITED STATES |
| UY | URUGUAY |
| UZ | UZBEKISTAN |
| VA | HOLY SEE (VATICAN CITY STATE) |
| VC | SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES |
| VE | VENEZUELA |
| VG | VIRGIN ISLANDS, BRITISH |
| VN | VIET NAM |
| VU | VANUATU |
| WF | WALLIS AND FUTUNA |
| WS | SAMOA |
| XK | KOSOVO |
| YE | YEMEN |
| YT | MAYOTTE |
| ZA | SOUTH AFRICA |
| ZM | ZAMBIA |
| ZW | ZIMBABWE |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| AK | ALASKA (S) |
| AL | ALABAMA (S) |
| AR | ARKANSAS (S) |
| AS | AMERICAN SAMOA (T) |
| AZ | ARIZONA (S) |
| CA | CALIFORNIA (S) |
| CO | COLORADO (S) |
| CT | CONNECTICUT (S) |
| DC | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (T) |
| DE | DELAWARE (S) |
| FL | FLORIDA (S) |
| FM | MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF (T) |
| GA | GEORGIA (S) |
| GU | GUAM (T) |
| HI | HAWAII (S) |
| IA | IOWA (S) |
| ID | IDAHO (S) |
| IL | ILLINOIS (S) |
| IN | INDIANA (S) |
| KS | KANSAS (S) |
| KY | KENTUCKY (S) |
| LA | LOUISIANA (S) |
| MA | MASSACHUSETTS (S) |
| MD | MARYLAND (S) |
| ME | MAINE (S) |
| MH | MARSHALL ISLANDS (T) |
| MI | MICHIGAN (S) |
| MN | MINNESOTA (S) |
| MO | MISSOURI (S) |
| MP | MARIANA ISLANDS, NORTHERN (T) |
| MS | MISSISSIPPI (S) |
| MT | MONTANA (S) |
| NC | NORTH CAROLINA (S) |
| ND | NORTH DAKOTA (S) |
| NE | NEBRASKA (S) |
| NH | NEW HAMPSHIRE (S) |
| NJ | NEW JERSEY (S) |
| NM | NEW MEXICO (S) |
| NV | NEVADA (S) |
| NY | NEW YORK (S) |
| OH | OHIO (S) |
| OK | OKLAHOMA (S) |
| OR | OREGON (S) |
| PA | PENNSYLVANIA (S) |
| PR | PUERTO RICO (T) |
| PW | PALAU (T) |
| RI | RHODE ISLAND (S) |
| SC | SOUTH CAROLINA (S) |
| SD | SOUTH DAKOTA (S) |
| TN | TENNESSEE (S) |
| TX | TEXAS (S) |
| UT | UTAH (S) |
| VA | VIRGINIA (S) |
| VI | VIRGIN ISLANDS (T) |
| VT | VERMONT (S) |
| WA | WASHINGTON (S) |
| WI | WISCONSIN (S) |
| WV | WEST VIRGINIA (S) |
| WY | WYOMING (S) |
| ZZ | Foreign Country (T) |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| AD | ANDORRA |
| AE | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES |
| AF | AFGHANISTAN |
| AG | ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA |
| AI | ANGUILLA |
| AL | ALBANIA |
| AM | ARMENIA |
| AN | NETHERLANDS ANTILLES |
| AO | ANGOLA |
| AQ | ANTARCTICA |
| AR | ARGENTINA |
| AT | AUSTRIA |
| AU | AUSTRALIA |
| AW | ARUBA |
| AX | ALAND ISLANDS |
| AZ | AZERBAIJAN |
| BA | BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA |
| BB | BARBADOS |
| BD | BANGLADESH |
| BE | BELGIUM |
| BF | BURKINA FASO |
| BG | BULGARIA |
| BH | BAHRAIN |
| BI | BURUNDI |
| BJ | BENIN |
| BM | BERMUDA |
| BN | BRUNEI DARUSSALAM |
| BO | BOLIVIA |
| BR | BRAZIL |
| BS | BAHAMAS |
| BT | BHUTAN |
| BV | BOUVET ISLAND |
| BW | BOTSWANA |
| BY | BELARUS |
| BZ | BELIZE |
| CA | CANADA |
| CC | COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS |
| CD | CONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE |
| CF | CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC |
| CG | CONGO |
| CH | SWITZERLAND |
| CI | CÔTE D'IVOIRE |
| CK | COOK ISLANDS |
| CL | CHILE |
| CM | CAMEROON |
| CN | CHINA |
| CO | COLOMBIA |
| CR | COSTA RICA |
| CS | SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO |
| CU | CUBA |
| CV | CAPE VERDE |
| CX | CHRISTMAS ISLAND |
| CY | CYPRUS |
| CZ | CZECH REPUBLIC |
| DE | GERMANY |
| DJ | DJIBOUTI |
| DK | DENMARK |
| DM | DOMINICA |
| DO | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC |
| DZ | ALGERIA |
| EC | ECUADOR |
| EE | ESTONIA |
| EG | EGYPT |
| EH | WESTERN SAHARA |
| ER | ERITREA |
| ES | SPAIN |
| ET | ETHIOPIA |
| FI | FINLAND |
| FJ | FIJI |
| FK | FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS) |
| FO | FAROE ISLANDS |
| FR | FRANCE |
| GA | GABON |
| GB | GREAT BRITAIN (UK) |
| GD | GRENADA |
| GE | GEORGIA |
| GF | FRENCH GUIANA |
| GG | GUERNSEY |
| GH | GHANA |
| GI | GIBRALTAR |
| GL | GREENLAND |
| GM | GAMBIA |
| GN | GUINEA |
| GP | GUADELOUPE |
| GQ | EQUATIORIAL GUINEA |
| GR | GREECE |
| GS | SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS |
| GT | GUATEMALA |
| GW | GUINEA-BISSAU |
| GY | GUYANA |
| HK | HONG KONG |
| HM | HEARD ISLAND AND MCDONALD ISLANDS |
| HN | HONDURAS |
| HR | CROATIA |
| HT | HAITI |
| HU | HUNGARY |
| ID | INDONESIA |
| IE | IRELAND |
| IL | ISRAEL |
| IM | ISLE OF MAN |
| IN | INDIA |
| IO | BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY |
| IQ | IRAQ |
| IR | IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF |
| IS | ICELAND |
| IT | ITALY |
| JE | JERSEY |
| JM | JAMAICA |
| JO | JORDAN |
| JP | JAPAN |
| KE | KENYA |
| KG | KYRGYZSTAN |
| KH | CAMBODIA |
| KI | KIRIBATI |
| KM | COMOROS |
| KN | SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS |
| KP | KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF |
| KR | KOREA, REPUBLIC OF |
| KW | KUWAIT |
| KY | CAYMAN ISLANDS |
| KZ | KAZAKHSTAN |
| LA | LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC |
| LB | LEBANON |
| LC | SAINT LUCIA |
| LI | LIECHTENSTEIN |
| LK | SRI LANKA |
| LR | LIBEIRA |
| LS | LESOTHO |
| LT | LITHUANIA |
| LU | LUXEMBOURG |
| LV | LATVIA |
| LY | LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA |
| MA | MAROCCO |
| MC | MONACO |
| MD | MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF |
| MG | MADAGASCAR |
| MK | MACEDONIA, THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF |
| ML | MALI |
| MM | MYANMAR |
| MN | MONGOLIA |
| MO | MACAO |
| MQ | MARTINIQUE |
| MR | MAURITANIA |
| MS | MONTSERRAT |
| MT | MALTA |
| MU | MAURITIUS |
| MV | MALDIVES |
| MW | MALAWI |
| MX | MEXICO |
| MY | MALAYSIA |
| MZ | MOZAMBIQUE |
| NA | NAMIBIA |
| NC | NEW CALEDONIA |
| NE | NIGER |
| NF | NORFOLK ISLAND |
| NG | NIGERIA |
| NI | NICARAGUA |
| NL | NETHERLANDS |
| NO | NORWAY |
| NP | NEPAL |
| NR | NAURU |
| NU | NIUE |
| NZ | NEW ZEALAND |
| OM | OMAN |
| PA | PANAMA |
| PE | PERU |
| PF | FRENCH POLYNESIA |
| PG | PAPUA NEW GUINEA |
| PH | PHILIPPINES |
| PK | PAKISTAN |
| PL | POLAND |
| PM | SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON |
| PN | PITCAIRN |
| PS | PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, OCCUPIED |
| PT | PORTUGAL |
| PY | PARAGUAY |
| QA | QATAR |
| RE | REUNION |
| RO | ROMANIA |
| RU | RUSSIAN FEDERATION |
| RW | RWANDA |
| SA | SAUDI ARABIA |
| SB | SOLOMON ISLANDS |
| SC | SEYCHELLES |
| SD | SUDAN |
| SE | SWEDEN |
| SG | SINGAPORE |
| SH | SAINT HELENA |
| SI | SLOVENIA |
| SJ | SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN |
| SK | SLOVAKIA |
| SL | SIERRA LEONE |
| SM | SAN MARINO |
| SN | SENEGAL |
| SO | SOMALIA |
| SR | SURINAME |
| ST | SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE |
| SV | EL SALVADOR |
| SY | SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC |
| SZ | SWAZILAND |
| TC | TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS |
| TD | CHAD |
| TF | FRENCH SOUTHERN TERRITORIES |
| TG | TOGO |
| TH | THAILAND |
| TJ | TAJIKISTAN |
| TK | TOKELAU |
| TL | TIMOR-LESTE |
| TM | TURKMENISTAN |
| TN | TUNISIA |
| TO | TONGA |
| TR | TURKEY |
| TT | TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO |
| TV | TUVALU |
| TW | TAIWAN |
| TZ | TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF |
| UA | UKRAINE |
| UG | UGANDA |
| UM | UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS |
| US | UNITED STATES |
| UY | URUGUAY |
| UZ | UZBEKISTAN |
| VA | HOLY SEE (VATICAN CITY STATE) |
| VC | SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES |
| VE | VENEZUELA |
| VG | VIRGIN ISLANDS, BRITISH |
| VN | VIET NAM |
| VU | VANUATU |
| WF | WALLIS AND FUTUNA |
| WS | SAMOA |
| XK | KOSOVO |
| YE | YEMEN |
| YT | MAYOTTE |
| ZA | SOUTH AFRICA |
| ZM | ZAMBIA |
| ZW | ZIMBABWE |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Death | Death of an individual (Type 1) provider |
| Disbandment | Organization (Type 2) provider disbandment |
| Fraud | Deactivated because of fraud |
| Other | Another reason, such as retirement |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| M | Male |
| F | Female |
| U | Undisclosed |
| X | Undisclosed |
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Y | Yes, the individual is a sole proprietor |
| N | No, the individual is not a sole proprietor |
| X | Not answered |
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Y | Yes, the organization is a subpart |
| N | No, the organization is not a subpart |
| X | Not answered |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Jr. | Jr. |
| Sr. | Sr. |
| I - X | Roman numerals I through X |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| AK | ALASKA (S) |
| AL | ALABAMA (S) |
| AR | ARKANSAS (S) |
| AS | AMERICAN SAMOA (T) |
| AZ | ARIZONA (S) |
| CA | CALIFORNIA (S) |
| CO | COLORADO (S) |
| CT | CONNECTICUT (S) |
| DC | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (T) |
| DE | DELAWARE (S) |
| FL | FLORIDA (S) |
| FM | MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF (T) |
| GA | GEORGIA (S) |
| GU | GUAM (T) |
| HI | HAWAII (S) |
| IA | IOWA (S) |
| ID | IDAHO (S) |
| IL | ILLINOIS (S) |
| IN | INDIANA (S) |
| KS | KANSAS (S) |
| KY | KENTUCKY (S) |
| LA | LOUISIANA (S) |
| MA | MASSACHUSETTS (S) |
| MD | MARYLAND (S) |
| ME | MAINE (S) |
| MH | MARSHALL ISLANDS (T) |
| MI | MICHIGAN (S) |
| MN | MINNESOTA (S) |
| MO | MISSOURI (S) |
| MP | MARIANA ISLANDS, NORTHERN (T) |
| MS | MISSISSIPPI (S) |
| MT | MONTANA (S) |
| NC | NORTH CAROLINA (S) |
| ND | NORTH DAKOTA (S) |
| NE | NEBRASKA (S) |
| NH | NEW HAMPSHIRE (S) |
| NJ | NEW JERSEY (S) |
| NM | NEW MEXICO (S) |
| NV | NEVADA (S) |
| NY | NEW YORK (S) |
| OH | OHIO (S) |
| OK | OKLAHOMA (S) |
| OR | OREGON (S) |
| PA | PENNSYLVANIA (S) |
| PR | PUERTO RICO (T) |
| PW | PALAU (T) |
| RI | RHODE ISLAND (S) |
| SC | SOUTH CAROLINA (S) |
| SD | SOUTH DAKOTA (S) |
| TN | TENNESSEE (S) |
| TX | TEXAS (S) |
| UT | UTAH (S) |
| VA | VIRGINIA (S) |
| VI | VIRGIN ISLANDS (T) |
| VT | VERMONT (S) |
| WA | WASHINGTON (S) |
| WI | WISCONSIN (S) |
| WV | WEST VIRGINIA (S) |
| WY | WYOMING (S) |
| ZZ | Foreign Country (T) |
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Y | This is the primary taxonomy |
| N | This is not the primary taxonomy |
| X | Not answered |
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 193200000X | Multi-Specialty Group: practitioners with different areas of specialization |
| 193400000X | Single Specialty Group: practitioners who all share one area of specialization |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 01 | Other |
| 02 | Medicare UPIN: legacy six-character physician ID, retired and replaced by the NPI |
| 04 | Medicare ID, type unspecified |
| 05 | Medicaid, state-specific |
| 06 | Medicare OSCAR / Certification Number, for institutional providers |
| 07 | Medicare NSC: National Supplier Clearinghouse number |
| 08 | Medicare PIN: legacy Medicare provider number |
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| AK | ALASKA (S) |
| AL | ALABAMA (S) |
| AR | ARKANSAS (S) |
| AS | AMERICAN SAMOA (T) |
| AZ | ARIZONA (S) |
| CA | CALIFORNIA (S) |
| CO | COLORADO (S) |
| CT | CONNECTICUT (S) |
| DC | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (T) |
| DE | DELAWARE (S) |
| FL | FLORIDA (S) |
| FM | MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF (T) |
| GA | GEORGIA (S) |
| GU | GUAM (T) |
| HI | HAWAII (S) |
| IA | IOWA (S) |
| ID | IDAHO (S) |
| IL | ILLINOIS (S) |
| IN | INDIANA (S) |
| KS | KANSAS (S) |
| KY | KENTUCKY (S) |
| LA | LOUISIANA (S) |
| MA | MASSACHUSETTS (S) |
| MD | MARYLAND (S) |
| ME | MAINE (S) |
| MH | MARSHALL ISLANDS (T) |
| MI | MICHIGAN (S) |
| MN | MINNESOTA (S) |
| MO | MISSOURI (S) |
| MP | MARIANA ISLANDS, NORTHERN (T) |
| MS | MISSISSIPPI (S) |
| MT | MONTANA (S) |
| NC | NORTH CAROLINA (S) |
| ND | NORTH DAKOTA (S) |
| NE | NEBRASKA (S) |
| NH | NEW HAMPSHIRE (S) |
| NJ | NEW JERSEY (S) |
| NM | NEW MEXICO (S) |
| NV | NEVADA (S) |
| NY | NEW YORK (S) |
| OH | OHIO (S) |
| OK | OKLAHOMA (S) |
| OR | OREGON (S) |
| PA | PENNSYLVANIA (S) |
| PR | PUERTO RICO (T) |
| PW | PALAU (T) |
| RI | RHODE ISLAND (S) |
| SC | SOUTH CAROLINA (S) |
| SD | SOUTH DAKOTA (S) |
| TN | TENNESSEE (S) |
| TX | TEXAS (S) |
| UT | UTAH (S) |
| VA | VIRGINIA (S) |
| VI | VIRGIN ISLANDS (T) |
| VT | VERMONT (S) |
| WA | WASHINGTON (S) |
| WI | WISCONSIN (S) |
| WV | WEST VIRGINIA (S) |
| WY | WYOMING (S) |
| ZZ | Foreign Country (T) |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
NPPES splits a few kinds of repeating information out of the main Data File into three separate CSV files, each keyed by NPI. This is where multiple names, extra practice locations, and digital endpoints live.
othername_pfileOther Name Reference File
Holds additional other names for Type 2 (organization) NPIs beyond the first one carried in the main Data File. Each row is keyed by NPI.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
pl_pfilePractice Location Reference File
Holds every non-primary practice location for Type 1 and Type 2 NPIs. The main Data File carries only the primary practice location; the rest live here, keyed by NPI.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| AK | ALASKA (S) |
| AL | ALABAMA (S) |
| AR | ARKANSAS (S) |
| AS | AMERICAN SAMOA (T) |
| AZ | ARIZONA (S) |
| CA | CALIFORNIA (S) |
| CO | COLORADO (S) |
| CT | CONNECTICUT (S) |
| DC | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (T) |
| DE | DELAWARE (S) |
| FL | FLORIDA (S) |
| FM | MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF (T) |
| GA | GEORGIA (S) |
| GU | GUAM (T) |
| HI | HAWAII (S) |
| IA | IOWA (S) |
| ID | IDAHO (S) |
| IL | ILLINOIS (S) |
| IN | INDIANA (S) |
| KS | KANSAS (S) |
| KY | KENTUCKY (S) |
| LA | LOUISIANA (S) |
| MA | MASSACHUSETTS (S) |
| MD | MARYLAND (S) |
| ME | MAINE (S) |
| MH | MARSHALL ISLANDS (T) |
| MI | MICHIGAN (S) |
| MN | MINNESOTA (S) |
| MO | MISSOURI (S) |
| MP | MARIANA ISLANDS, NORTHERN (T) |
| MS | MISSISSIPPI (S) |
| MT | MONTANA (S) |
| NC | NORTH CAROLINA (S) |
| ND | NORTH DAKOTA (S) |
| NE | NEBRASKA (S) |
| NH | NEW HAMPSHIRE (S) |
| NJ | NEW JERSEY (S) |
| NM | NEW MEXICO (S) |
| NV | NEVADA (S) |
| NY | NEW YORK (S) |
| OH | OHIO (S) |
| OK | OKLAHOMA (S) |
| OR | OREGON (S) |
| PA | PENNSYLVANIA (S) |
| PR | PUERTO RICO (T) |
| PW | PALAU (T) |
| RI | RHODE ISLAND (S) |
| SC | SOUTH CAROLINA (S) |
| SD | SOUTH DAKOTA (S) |
| TN | TENNESSEE (S) |
| TX | TEXAS (S) |
| UT | UTAH (S) |
| VA | VIRGINIA (S) |
| VI | VIRGIN ISLANDS (T) |
| VT | VERMONT (S) |
| WA | WASHINGTON (S) |
| WI | WISCONSIN (S) |
| WV | WEST VIRGINIA (S) |
| WY | WYOMING (S) |
| ZZ | Foreign Country (T) |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| AD | ANDORRA |
| AE | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES |
| AF | AFGHANISTAN |
| AG | ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA |
| AI | ANGUILLA |
| AL | ALBANIA |
| AM | ARMENIA |
| AN | NETHERLANDS ANTILLES |
| AO | ANGOLA |
| AQ | ANTARCTICA |
| AR | ARGENTINA |
| AT | AUSTRIA |
| AU | AUSTRALIA |
| AW | ARUBA |
| AX | ALAND ISLANDS |
| AZ | AZERBAIJAN |
| BA | BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA |
| BB | BARBADOS |
| BD | BANGLADESH |
| BE | BELGIUM |
| BF | BURKINA FASO |
| BG | BULGARIA |
| BH | BAHRAIN |
| BI | BURUNDI |
| BJ | BENIN |
| BM | BERMUDA |
| BN | BRUNEI DARUSSALAM |
| BO | BOLIVIA |
| BR | BRAZIL |
| BS | BAHAMAS |
| BT | BHUTAN |
| BV | BOUVET ISLAND |
| BW | BOTSWANA |
| BY | BELARUS |
| BZ | BELIZE |
| CA | CANADA |
| CC | COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS |
| CD | CONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE |
| CF | CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC |
| CG | CONGO |
| CH | SWITZERLAND |
| CI | CÔTE D'IVOIRE |
| CK | COOK ISLANDS |
| CL | CHILE |
| CM | CAMEROON |
| CN | CHINA |
| CO | COLOMBIA |
| CR | COSTA RICA |
| CS | SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO |
| CU | CUBA |
| CV | CAPE VERDE |
| CX | CHRISTMAS ISLAND |
| CY | CYPRUS |
| CZ | CZECH REPUBLIC |
| DE | GERMANY |
| DJ | DJIBOUTI |
| DK | DENMARK |
| DM | DOMINICA |
| DO | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC |
| DZ | ALGERIA |
| EC | ECUADOR |
| EE | ESTONIA |
| EG | EGYPT |
| EH | WESTERN SAHARA |
| ER | ERITREA |
| ES | SPAIN |
| ET | ETHIOPIA |
| FI | FINLAND |
| FJ | FIJI |
| FK | FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS) |
| FO | FAROE ISLANDS |
| FR | FRANCE |
| GA | GABON |
| GB | GREAT BRITAIN (UK) |
| GD | GRENADA |
| GE | GEORGIA |
| GF | FRENCH GUIANA |
| GG | GUERNSEY |
| GH | GHANA |
| GI | GIBRALTAR |
| GL | GREENLAND |
| GM | GAMBIA |
| GN | GUINEA |
| GP | GUADELOUPE |
| GQ | EQUATIORIAL GUINEA |
| GR | GREECE |
| GS | SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS |
| GT | GUATEMALA |
| GW | GUINEA-BISSAU |
| GY | GUYANA |
| HK | HONG KONG |
| HM | HEARD ISLAND AND MCDONALD ISLANDS |
| HN | HONDURAS |
| HR | CROATIA |
| HT | HAITI |
| HU | HUNGARY |
| ID | INDONESIA |
| IE | IRELAND |
| IL | ISRAEL |
| IM | ISLE OF MAN |
| IN | INDIA |
| IO | BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY |
| IQ | IRAQ |
| IR | IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF |
| IS | ICELAND |
| IT | ITALY |
| JE | JERSEY |
| JM | JAMAICA |
| JO | JORDAN |
| JP | JAPAN |
| KE | KENYA |
| KG | KYRGYZSTAN |
| KH | CAMBODIA |
| KI | KIRIBATI |
| KM | COMOROS |
| KN | SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS |
| KP | KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF |
| KR | KOREA, REPUBLIC OF |
| KW | KUWAIT |
| KY | CAYMAN ISLANDS |
| KZ | KAZAKHSTAN |
| LA | LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC |
| LB | LEBANON |
| LC | SAINT LUCIA |
| LI | LIECHTENSTEIN |
| LK | SRI LANKA |
| LR | LIBEIRA |
| LS | LESOTHO |
| LT | LITHUANIA |
| LU | LUXEMBOURG |
| LV | LATVIA |
| LY | LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA |
| MA | MAROCCO |
| MC | MONACO |
| MD | MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF |
| MG | MADAGASCAR |
| MK | MACEDONIA, THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF |
| ML | MALI |
| MM | MYANMAR |
| MN | MONGOLIA |
| MO | MACAO |
| MQ | MARTINIQUE |
| MR | MAURITANIA |
| MS | MONTSERRAT |
| MT | MALTA |
| MU | MAURITIUS |
| MV | MALDIVES |
| MW | MALAWI |
| MX | MEXICO |
| MY | MALAYSIA |
| MZ | MOZAMBIQUE |
| NA | NAMIBIA |
| NC | NEW CALEDONIA |
| NE | NIGER |
| NF | NORFOLK ISLAND |
| NG | NIGERIA |
| NI | NICARAGUA |
| NL | NETHERLANDS |
| NO | NORWAY |
| NP | NEPAL |
| NR | NAURU |
| NU | NIUE |
| NZ | NEW ZEALAND |
| OM | OMAN |
| PA | PANAMA |
| PE | PERU |
| PF | FRENCH POLYNESIA |
| PG | PAPUA NEW GUINEA |
| PH | PHILIPPINES |
| PK | PAKISTAN |
| PL | POLAND |
| PM | SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON |
| PN | PITCAIRN |
| PS | PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, OCCUPIED |
| PT | PORTUGAL |
| PY | PARAGUAY |
| QA | QATAR |
| RE | REUNION |
| RO | ROMANIA |
| RU | RUSSIAN FEDERATION |
| RW | RWANDA |
| SA | SAUDI ARABIA |
| SB | SOLOMON ISLANDS |
| SC | SEYCHELLES |
| SD | SUDAN |
| SE | SWEDEN |
| SG | SINGAPORE |
| SH | SAINT HELENA |
| SI | SLOVENIA |
| SJ | SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN |
| SK | SLOVAKIA |
| SL | SIERRA LEONE |
| SM | SAN MARINO |
| SN | SENEGAL |
| SO | SOMALIA |
| SR | SURINAME |
| ST | SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE |
| SV | EL SALVADOR |
| SY | SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC |
| SZ | SWAZILAND |
| TC | TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS |
| TD | CHAD |
| TF | FRENCH SOUTHERN TERRITORIES |
| TG | TOGO |
| TH | THAILAND |
| TJ | TAJIKISTAN |
| TK | TOKELAU |
| TL | TIMOR-LESTE |
| TM | TURKMENISTAN |
| TN | TUNISIA |
| TO | TONGA |
| TR | TURKEY |
| TT | TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO |
| TV | TUVALU |
| TW | TAIWAN |
| TZ | TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF |
| UA | UKRAINE |
| UG | UGANDA |
| UM | UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS |
| US | UNITED STATES |
| UY | URUGUAY |
| UZ | UZBEKISTAN |
| VA | HOLY SEE (VATICAN CITY STATE) |
| VC | SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES |
| VE | VENEZUELA |
| VG | VIRGIN ISLANDS, BRITISH |
| VN | VIET NAM |
| VU | VANUATU |
| WF | WALLIS AND FUTUNA |
| WS | SAMOA |
| XK | KOSOVO |
| YE | YEMEN |
| YT | MAYOTTE |
| ZA | SOUTH AFRICA |
| ZM | ZAMBIA |
| ZW | ZIMBABWE |
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
endpoint_pfileEndpoint Reference File
Holds the digital endpoints tied to an NPI, such as Direct secure messaging addresses or FHIR API URLs. A provider can have any number of endpoints, so they live in their own file keyed by NPI.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
No coded values. This is a free-text, numeric, or date field.
About this dataset
The Medicare Order and Referring file lists every physician and non-physician practitioner who is of an eligible type or specialty and has an approved Medicare enrollment record in PECOS, meaning they can legally order or refer Part B, DME, home health, and hospice services. CMS updates it twice a week, and only the single most current file is ever available for download. Deceased providers are excluded, and there are no duplicate rows: when two providers share a name, their NPIs keep them distinct.
| Column | Type | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| NPI | NUMBER (10) | National Provider Identifier of the ordering or referring provider. |
| LAST_NAME | VARCHAR | Legal last name of the provider. Name suffixes such as Jr. are not shown. |
| FIRST_NAME | VARCHAR | Legal first name of the provider. |
| PART_B | VARCHAR (1) | Whether the provider can refer to Part B, meaning clinical laboratory and imaging. Y yes, N no. |
| DME | VARCHAR (1) | Whether the provider can order Durable Medical Equipment. Y yes, N no. |
| HHA | VARCHAR (1) | Whether the provider can refer to a Home Health Agency. Y yes, N no. |
| PMD | VARCHAR (1) | Whether the provider can order Power Mobility Devices. Y yes, N no. |
| HOSPICE | VARCHAR (1) | Whether the provider can refer to Hospice. Y yes, N no. |
Why this file exists
CMS turned on Phase 2 denial edits on January 6, 2014. Since then, claims from clinical laboratories, imaging centers, suppliers of Durable Medical Equipment, and Part A Home Health Agencies are denied when they list an ordering or referring provider whose individual NPI is not valid and enrolled. Power Mobility Device claims got their own denial edit on April 7, 2014, and Critical Access Hospital Method II claims got theirs on January 6, 2014. Since June 3, 2024, hospice claims are denied when the physician who certified the need for hospice is not enrolled in or opted out of Medicare.
A provider not on this list is not always ineligible
Because the file only contains providers with an approved PECOS record, a provider whose enrollment is still pending contractor review will not appear here yet, even though their application has been submitted. CMS tracks those in a separate Initial Applications Pending Contractor Review file. Absence from the Order and Referring list is not proof that a provider cannot order or refer.
Plain-English definitions for the terms behind the data. These explain the words themselves. For column-level detail, use the NPPES Data File tab. Each term links out to a full guide where one exists.
A person trained and licensed to perform health care services, or a place licensed to do so. Doctors, nurses, and hospitals are all examples.
The number the IRS assigns to a business. Also called a Tax ID.
The field that marks whether an NPI belongs to an individual (code 1) or an organization (code 2).
The NPI type issued to individual people, such as physicians, dentists, nurses, and pharmacists.
The NPI type issued to organizations, such as hospitals, group practices, clinics, laboratories, and pharmacies.
The organization under contract with HHS that assigns NPIs, processes applications, and maintains the NPPES database.
A health care provider who is a human being. These are Entity Type 1 providers.
A number the IRS assigns to individuals who are not eligible for a Social Security Number.
The covered entity ultimately responsible for complying with HIPAA rules and for keeping its subparts and health care components in compliance.
A system for uniquely identifying every provider of health care services, supplies, and equipment. NPIs are 10-position, all-numeric numbers assigned by NPPES.
The former name for what is now called the National Plan and Provider Enumeration System (NPPES).
The CMS system that identifies and uniquely enumerates health care providers and plans at the national level.
Atypical services indirectly related to health care that fall outside the definition of health care services, such as taxi service or home and vehicle modifications.
A health care provider that is not an individual, such as a hospital, clinic, or pharmacy. These are Entity Type 2 providers.
A number the Social Security Administration assigns to an individual.
A component or separate physical location of an organization provider, such as a hospital outpatient department or one location of a provider chain.
Another name for the Employer Identification Number assigned by the IRS.
An administrative code set that classifies health care providers by type, classification, and specialization.
No fields or terms match that search.
See these fields filled in for a real provider.Look up any doctor or organization by name or NPI to view the same data mapped to a live NPPES record.
NPI LookupSources
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, "NPPES Data Dissemination, Readme," version 2, updated May 12, 2026. Provides the file layouts for the Data File and the Other Name, Practice Location, and Endpoint reference files.
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, "NPPES Data Dissemination, Code Values," effective February 1, 2025. Provides the code tables for entity type, sex, deactivation reason, name type, taxonomy switch, group taxonomy, and other coded fields.
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, "Medicare Order and Referring" dataset, data dictionary, and methodology, data.cms.gov. Covers the NPI, name, and Part B, DME, HHA, PMD, and hospice eligibility flags.
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, "Medicare Provider Enrollment," MLN publication 9658742. Background on PECOS enrollment behind the Order and Referring file.
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, "National Provider Identifier (NPI) Glossary of Terms." Source for the Quick Terms definitions.
