LIBBY K SISSON MD, MS
Prescription History 1346770310
Family Medicine in Franklin, IN
What does Dr. Sisson prescribe?
In 2024, Dr. Sisson wrote 1,111 Medicare prescriptions for 53 medications. The most prescribed was Atorvastatin Calcium, with 96 prescriptions for 28 patients.
Medicare Part D only. These are prescriptions filled by people with Medicare drug coverage in 2024, from the CMS data released in 2026, the most recent year available. CMS does not publish medications with fewer than 11 prescriptions, so this is not a full list of what Dr. Sisson prescribes.
Medications 53 medications
Prescriptions filled under Medicare Part D in 2024. Select a medication to see what it is used for and how it compares with other Indiana prescribers.
What it is used for
Atorvastatin is used along with a proper diet to help lower "bad" cholesterol and fats (such as LDL, triglycerides) and raise "good" cholesterol (HDL) in the blood.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 96 prescriptions for Atorvastatin Calcium, about 41% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (236). Medicare paid $5.69 per fill, versus $8.26 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Albuterol (also known as salbutamol) is used to prevent and treat wheezing and shortness of breath caused by breathing problems (such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 55 prescriptions for Albuterol Sulfate Hfa, about 72% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (77). Medicare paid $36.62 per fill, versus $24.93 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Amlodipine is used with or without other medications to treat high blood pressure.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 53 prescriptions for Amlodipine Besylate, about 33% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (162). Medicare paid $3.58 per fill, versus $5.38 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Lisinopril is used to treat high blood pressure.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 51 prescriptions for Lisinopril, about 39% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (132). Medicare paid $2.61 per fill, versus $5.63 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Fluticasone is used to relieve seasonal and year-round allergic and non-allergic nasal symptoms, such as stuffy/runny nose, itching, and sneezing.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 34 prescriptions for Fluticasone Propionate, about 70% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (49). Medicare paid $8.63 per fill, versus $14.80 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Metformin is used with a proper diet and exercise program and possibly with other medications to control high blood sugar.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 32 prescriptions for Metformin Hcl, about 32% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (99). Medicare paid $5.67 per fill, versus $6.31 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Rosuvastatin is used along with a proper diet to help lower "bad" cholesterol and fats (such as LDL, triglycerides) and raise "good" cholesterol (HDL) in the blood.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 32 prescriptions for Rosuvastatin Calcium, about 30% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (105). Medicare paid $6.09 per fill, versus $10.86 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Empagliflozin is used with a proper diet and exercise program to control high blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 31 prescriptions for Jardiance, about half as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (58). Medicare paid $587.54 per fill, versus $1,017.54 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Metformin is used with a proper diet and exercise program and possibly with other medications to control high blood sugar.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 27 prescriptions for Metformin Hcl Er, about half as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (64). Medicare paid $3.30 per fill, versus $7.45 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Semaglutide is used with a proper diet and exercise program to control high blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 26 prescriptions for Ozempic, about 41% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (63). Medicare paid $1,178.00 per fill, versus $1,314.45 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
See also Warning section.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 26 prescriptions for Tramadol Hcl, about half as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (59). Medicare paid $3.22 per fill, versus $7.63 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is a beta-blocker used to treat chest pain (angina), heart failure, and high blood pressure.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 25 prescriptions for Metoprolol Succinate, about 19% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (129). Medicare paid $13.66 per fill, versus $11.91 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as depression, anxiety).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 24 prescriptions for Duloxetine Hcl, about 38% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (63). Medicare paid $19.38 per fill, versus $23.69 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as depression, anxiety, panic attacks, and social anxiety disorder).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 23 prescriptions for Venlafaxine Hcl Er, about 64% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (36). Medicare paid $12.09 per fill, versus $22.86 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Carvedilol is used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 21 prescriptions for Carvedilol, about 26% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (81). Medicare paid $6.39 per fill, versus $7.58 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as depression, panic attacks, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 21 prescriptions for Sertraline Hcl, about 24% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (87). Medicare paid $4.28 per fill, versus $8.65 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Allopurinol is used to treat gout and certain types of kidney stones.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 20 prescriptions for Allopurinol, about 35% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (57). Medicare paid $9.17 per fill, versus $8.17 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Clopidogrel is used to prevent heart attacks and strokes in persons with heart disease (recent heart attack), recent stroke, or blood circulation disease (peripheral vascular disease).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 20 prescriptions for Clopidogrel, about 26% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (76). Medicare paid $11.04 per fill, versus $10.14 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as depression, anxiety).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 20 prescriptions for Escitalopram Oxalate, about 31% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (65). Medicare paid $6.90 per fill, versus $10.43 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Losartan is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and to help protect the kidneys from damage due to diabetes.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 20 prescriptions for Losartan Potassium, about 17% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (118). Medicare paid $2.84 per fill, versus $8.08 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Zolpidem is used for a short time to treat a certain sleep problem (insomnia) in adults.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 19 prescriptions for Zolpidem Tartrate, about half as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (42). Medicare paid $5.33 per fill, versus $6.93 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Atenolol is used with or without other medications to treat high blood pressure (hypertension).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 18 prescriptions for Atenolol, about half as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (38). Medicare paid $5.32 per fill, versus $5.86 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Alendronate is used to prevent and treat certain types of bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 17 prescriptions for Alendronate Sodium, about 32% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (53). Medicare paid $3.89 per fill, versus $7.32 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Gabapentin is used with other medications to prevent and control seizures.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 17 prescriptions for Gabapentin, about 15% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (110). Medicare paid $12.56 per fill, versus $14.41 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Albuterol (also known as salbutamol) is used to prevent and treat wheezing and shortness of breath caused by breathing problems (such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 17 prescriptions for Ventolin Hfa, about 71% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (24). Medicare paid $55.91 per fill, versus $68.72 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Tirzepatide is used with a proper diet and exercise program to control high blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 16 prescriptions for Mounjaro, about 29% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (55). Medicare paid $1,003.78 per fill, versus $1,279.85 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is used to prevent and decrease symptoms (wheezing and trouble breathing) caused by asthma and ongoing lung disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-COPD, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 15 prescriptions for Breo Ellipta, about half as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (34). Medicare paid $455.77 per fill, versus $538.67 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as depression, panic attacks, obsessive compulsive disorder).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 15 prescriptions for Fluoxetine Hcl, about 32% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (46). Medicare paid $2.53 per fill, versus $10.37 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is used to treat certain bladder problems (overactive bladder, neurogenic detrusor overactivity).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 15 prescriptions for Myrbetriq, about 36% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (42). Medicare paid $445.56 per fill, versus $627.59 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Pantoprazole is used to treat certain stomach and esophagus problems (such as acid reflux).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 15 prescriptions for Pantoprazole Sodium, about 16% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (95). Medicare paid $3.44 per fill, versus $12.28 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
See also Warning section.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 15 prescriptions for Promethazine Hcl, about half as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (25). Medicare paid $3.17 per fill, versus $9.92 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Tamsulosin is used by men to treat the symptoms of an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia-BPH).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 15 prescriptions for Tamsulosin Hcl, about 15% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (102). Medicare paid $4.12 per fill, versus $13.15 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is a combination penicillin-type antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 14 prescriptions for Amoxicillin-Clavulanate Potass, about half as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (27). Medicare paid $3.07 per fill, versus $8.68 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Furosemide is used to reduce extra fluid in the body (edema) caused by conditions such as heart failure, liver disease, and kidney disease.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 14 prescriptions for Furosemide, about 14% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (99). Medicare paid $1.84 per fill, versus $4.55 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is used to treat pain caused by nerve damage due to diabetes, shingles (herpes zoster) infection, or spinal cord injury.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 14 prescriptions for Pregabalin, about 27% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (52). Medicare paid $13.46 per fill, versus $31.21 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Valacyclovir is used to treat infections caused by certain types of viruses.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 14 prescriptions for Valacyclovir, about 70% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (20). Medicare paid $15.19 per fill, versus $34.80 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is used to treat anxiety.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 13 prescriptions for Buspirone Hcl, about 22% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (60). Medicare paid $6.34 per fill, versus $15.27 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Dapagliflozin is used with a proper diet and exercise program to control high blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 13 prescriptions for Farxiga, about 30% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (43). Medicare paid $517.45 per fill, versus $915.66 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Omeprazole is used to treat certain stomach and esophagus problems (such as acid reflux, ulcers).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 13 prescriptions for Omeprazole, about 12% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (111). Medicare paid $4.74 per fill, versus $12.17 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is a mineral supplement used to treat or prevent low amounts of potassium in the blood.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 13 prescriptions for Potassium Chloride, about 17% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (77). Medicare paid $17.11 per fill, versus $19.91 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is used alone or with other medications to treat Parkinson's disease.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 13 prescriptions for Ropinirole Hcl, about 35% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (38). Medicare paid $3.79 per fill, versus $16.10 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is used to treat depression.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 12 prescriptions for Amitriptyline Hcl, about 41% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (29). Medicare paid $9.22 per fill, versus $14.76 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Azithromycin is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 12 prescriptions for Azithromycin, about 36% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (33). Medicare paid $3.82 per fill, versus $4.58 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Cyclobenzaprine is used short-term to treat muscle spasms.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 12 prescriptions for Cyclobenzaprine Hcl, about 28% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (42). Medicare paid $2.07 per fill, versus $8.95 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Apixaban is used to prevent serious blood clots from forming due to a certain irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation) or after hip/knee replacement surgery.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 12 prescriptions for Eliquis, about 12% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (103). Medicare paid $656.44 per fill, versus $840.97 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Famotidine is used to treat ulcers of the stomach and intestines and to prevent intestinal ulcers from coming back after they have healed.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 12 prescriptions for Famotidine, about 21% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (58). Medicare paid $1.20 per fill, versus $12.17 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Levothyroxine is used to treat an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism).
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 12 prescriptions for Levothyroxine Sodium, about 7% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (178). Medicare paid $15.95 per fill, versus $9.16 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is used to treat depression.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 12 prescriptions for Trazodone Hcl, about 16% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (75). Medicare paid $1.73 per fill, versus $8.43 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is a hormone.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 11 prescriptions for Estradiol, about 36% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (31). Medicare paid $4.15 per fill, versus $44.18 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Finasteride is used to shrink an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH) in adult men.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 11 prescriptions for Finasteride, about 19% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (59). Medicare paid $1.18 per fill, versus $12.03 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This medication is used to treat high blood pressure.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 11 prescriptions for Hydrochlorothiazide, about 14% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (77). Medicare paid $1.82 per fill, versus $3.70 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
This combination medication is used to relieve moderate to severe pain.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 11 prescriptions for Hydrocodone-Acetaminophen, about 11% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (97). Medicare paid $21.26 per fill, versus $19.01 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
What it is used for
Spironolactone is used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure.
Compared with Indiana prescribers
Dr. Sisson wrote 11 prescriptions for Spironolactone, about 20% as often as the typical Indiana prescriber of it (55). Medicare paid $3.22 per fill, versus $8.00 statewide.
Volume reflects how many Medicare patients a practice sees as well as prescribing habits. It is not a measure of quality.
Questions about Dr. Sisson’s prescriptions
What does Dr. Sisson prescribe most?
In 2024 Medicare Part D data, Dr. Sisson's most prescribed medications were Atorvastatin Calcium (96), Albuterol Sulfate Hfa (55) and Amlodipine Besylate (53).
How does Dr. Sisson's prescribing compare with other Indiana prescribers?
Of the 53 medications with a state comparison, Dr. Sisson prescribes 53 less often than the typical Indiana prescriber. Volume reflects practice size as well as prescribing habits.
Does this list show every medication Dr. Sisson prescribes?
No. It covers prescriptions filled by people with Medicare Part D drug coverage in 2024, and CMS leaves out any medication with fewer than 11 prescriptions.
About this data
This page shows one provider’s slice of public Medicare files. NPI Profile does not receive prescriptions or patient records.
| Source | What it provides here | Data year |
|---|---|---|
| CMS Medicare Part D Prescribers by Provider and Drug | Each medication, prescriptions, patients, 30-day fills, days of medication and cost. State comparisons average the Indiana prescribers of the same medication and form, where at least five wrote it. | 2024 (released 2026, the most recent available) |
| CMS Medicare Part D Drug Spending Dashboard | What each medication is used for. | 2024 |
- Only prescriptions filled by people with Medicare Part D drug coverage are counted. Private insurance, Medicaid and cash purchases are not.
- CMS leaves out medications with fewer than 11 prescriptions and hides patient counts under 11.
- Cost per fill is what the plan and the patient paid the pharmacy together, not what you pay at the counter.
- Medication descriptions are summaries from CMS. They are not medical advice; ask a health care professional about any medication.