MARIA SKOPIS DO
Prescription History 1235641663
Internal Medicine - Rheumatology in Clearwater, FL

Active since October 25, 2017PECOS EnrolledAccepts Medicare Assignment
430 MORTON PLANT ST STE 100, CLEARWATER, FL 33756(727) 461-8970 Get Directions

NPPES record last updated: November 17, 2025. Verified against the NPPES registry weekly; last sync: October 18, 2026.

Record update history: Nov 17, 2025, Oct 7, 2025, May 8, 2023 and 2 more (5 updates tracked since 2017).

Medicare Part D Prescription History

Explore the verified Medicare Part D prescription history, volume metrics, and calculated drug costs for MARIA SKOPIS DO, an active Rheumatology specialist practicing in Clearwater, FL. Our medical registry currently tracks 16 unique pharmaceutical formulations prescribed by this provider, representing an estimated volume of 676 documented patient claims. Among these therapy options, the most frequently utilized medication is Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate, which accounts for 145 claims alone. Use the table below to sort by claims, cost, or utilization compared with the state average; select any medication for its full profile.

16
Medications
676
Total Claims
1,490
30-Day Fills
Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate
Most Prescribed · 145 claims
View details
16 medications · 2024 Medicare Part D
Medicare Part D medications prescribed by MARIA SKOPIS DO in 2024, with prescription volumes, average cost per fill, and FL state comparisons
Medication Prescriptions (2024)Rx (2024) Avg Cost per FillCost / Fill Vs. Other FL PrescribersVs. FL Avg

About Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate: Hydroxychloroquine is used to prevent or treat malaria caused by mosquito bites. Show more ▾

The United States Center for Disease Control provides updated guidelines and travel recommendations for the prevention and treatment of malaria in different parts of the world. Discuss the most recent information with your doctor before traveling to areas where malaria occurs. This medication is also used to treat certain auto-immune diseases (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). It belongs to a class of medications known as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). It can reduce skin problems in lupus and prevent swelling/pain in arthritis. Hydroxychloroquine is not recommended for coronavirus infection, also known as COVID-19, unless you are enrolled in a study. Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits. A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970)

In 2024, this provider wrote 145 Medicare prescriptions for Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate, about 1.8 times the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (82.8). Medicare paid an average of $30.86 per fill, versus $34.23 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
145
FL average
82.8

This provider prescribes this medication more often than the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$30.86
FL average
$34.23

This provider's average cost per fill is below the FL average for this medication.

359
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
10,692
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Prednisone: Prednisone is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, blood disorders, breathing problems, severe allergies, skin diseases, cancer, eye problems, and immune system disorders. Show more ▾

Prednisone belongs to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids. It decreases your immune system's response to various diseases to reduce symptoms such as swelling and allergic-type reactions. A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.

In 2024, this provider wrote 123 Medicare prescriptions for Prednisone, about 2.3 times the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (52.8). Medicare paid an average of $9.28 per fill, versus $4.25 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
123
FL average
52.8

This provider prescribes this medication more often than the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$9.28
FL average
$4.25

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

266
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
7,707
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Methotrexate: Methotrexate is used to treat certain types of cancer (such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), severe psoriasis that has not responded to other treatments, or rheumatoid arthritis. Show more ▾

It may also be used to treat a certain type of arthritis in children (polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis - pJIA). Methotrexate belongs to a class of drugs known as antimetabolites. It works by slowing or stopping the growth of cancer cells and blocking the immune system from attacking healthy tissue. Early treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate helps to reduce further joint damage and to preserve joint function. An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.

In 2024, this provider wrote 106 Medicare prescriptions for Methotrexate, about 1.2 times the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (86.2). Medicare paid an average of $19.06 per fill, versus $20.83 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
106
FL average
86.2

This provider's prescribing volume for this medication is in line with the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$19.06
FL average
$20.83

This provider's average cost per fill is below the FL average for this medication.

220.3
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
6,529
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Alendronate Sodium: Alendronate is used to prevent and treat certain types of bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults. Show more ▾

Osteoporosis causes bones to become thinner and break more easily. Your chance of developing osteoporosis increases as you age, after menopause, or if you are taking corticosteroid medications (such as prednisone) for a long time. This medication works by slowing bone loss. This effect helps maintain strong bones and reduce the risk of broken bones (fractures). Alendronate belongs to a class of drugs called bisphosphonates. A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis.

In 2024, this provider wrote 46 Medicare prescriptions for Alendronate Sodium, about 89% of the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (51.6). Medicare paid an average of $11.25 per fill, versus $7.31 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
46
FL average
51.6

This provider's prescribing volume for this medication is in line with the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$11.25
FL average
$7.31

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

121.1
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
3,626
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Folic Acid: Folic acid is the man-made form of folate. Show more ▾

Folate is a B-vitamin naturally found in some foods. It is needed to form healthy cells, especially red blood cells. Folic acid supplements may come in different forms (such as L-methylfolate, levomefolate, methyltetrahydrofolate). They are used to treat or prevent low folate levels. Low folate levels can lead to certain types of anemia. Conditions that can cause low folate levels include poor diet, pregnancy, alcoholism, liver disease, certain stomach/intestinal problems, kidney dialysis, among others. Women of childbearing age should receive adequate amounts of folic acid either through their diet or supplements to prevent infant spinal cord birth defects. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia.

In 2024, this provider wrote 42 Medicare prescriptions for Folic Acid, about 83% of the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (50.4). Medicare paid an average of $6.18 per fill, versus $4.06 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
42
FL average
50.4

This provider's prescribing volume for this medication is in line with the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$6.18
FL average
$4.06

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

102
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
3,060
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Humira(Cf) Pen: Adalimumab is used to reduce pain and swelling due to certain types of arthritis (such as rheumatoid, psoriatic, juvenile idiopathic, ankylosing spondylitis). Show more ▾

This medication is also used to treat certain skin disorders (such as plaque-type psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa). It works by blocking a protein (tumor necrosis factor or TNF) found in the body's immune system that causes joint swelling and damage in arthritis as well as red scaly patches in psoriasis. Adalimumab belongs to a class of drugs known as TNF blockers. By reducing joint swelling, this medication helps to reduce further joint damage and preserve joint function. Adalimumab is also used to treat certain bowel conditions (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) and a certain eye disease (uveitis). This monograph is about the following adalimumab products: adalimumab, adalimumab-aacf, adalimumab-aaty, adalimumab-adaz, adalimumab-adbm, adalimumab-afzb, adalimumab-aqvh, adalimumab-atto, adalimumab-bwwd, adalimumab-fkjp, and adalimumab-ryvk. A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to TNF-ALPHA and blocks its interaction with endogenous TNF RECEPTORS to modulate INFLAMMATION. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; CROHN'S DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.

In 2024, this provider wrote 39 Medicare prescriptions for Humira(Cf) Pen, about the same volume as the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (36). Medicare paid an average of $10,192.88 per fill, versus $8,546.63 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
39
FL average
36.1

This provider's prescribing volume for this medication is in line with the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$10,192.88
FL average
$8,546.63

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

55.2
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
1,598
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Orencia Clickject: This medication is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, a condition in which the body's own defense system (immune system) attacks healthy tissue. Show more ▾

This leads to swelling in the joints, which causes pain and makes it harder to move. Abatacept works by weakening your immune system. This effect helps to slow down joint damage and reduce joint pain and swelling so you can move better. This medication is also used to treat other types of arthritis (such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis). A fusion protein immunoconjugate of the extracellular domain of CTLA4 and the Fc domain of human IgG1. It functions as a T-cell co-stimulation blocker that inhibits TNF-ALPHA and prevents the activation of T-LYMPHOCYTES. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.

In 2024, this provider wrote 31 Medicare prescriptions for Orencia Clickject, about the same volume as the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (27.2). Medicare paid an average of $7,438.27 per fill, versus $6,044.21 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
31
FL average
27.2

This provider's prescribing volume for this medication is in line with the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$7,438.27
FL average
$6,044.21

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

40
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
1,150
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Prolia: Denosumab is used to treat bone loss (osteoporosis) in people who have a high risk of getting fractures. Show more ▾

Osteoporosis causes bones to become thinner and break more easily. Your chance of developing osteoporosis increases after menopause (in women), as you age, if someone in your family has osteoporosis, or if you take certain medications (such as prednisone) for long periods. This medication works by slowing bone loss to help maintain strong bones and reduce the risk of broken bones (fractures). Denosumab belongs to a class of drugs called monoclonal antibodies. It prevents certain cells in the body (osteoclasts) from breaking down bone. A humanized monoclonal antibody and an inhibitor of the RANK LIGAND, which regulates OSTEOCLAST differentiation and bone remodeling. It is used as a BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENT in the treatment of OSTEOPOROSIS.

In 2024, this provider wrote 22 Medicare prescriptions for Prolia, about 76% of the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (28.8). Medicare paid an average of $1,750.57 per fill, versus $1,735.26 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
22
FL average
28.8

This provider's prescribing volume for this medication is in line with the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$1,750.57
FL average
$1,735.26

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

132
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
3,960
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Enbrel Sureclick: This medication is used alone or in combination with an immunosuppressant (such as methotrexate) to treat certain types of arthritis (such as rheumatoid, psoriatic, juvenile idiopathic, and ankylosing spondylitis). Show more ▾

Some brands of this medication are also used to treat a skin condition called psoriasis. These conditions are caused by an overactive immune system (autoimmune disease). The immune system attacks the body's own healthy cells, causing inflammation in the joints and skin. Etanercept controls your body's defensive response by blocking the action of a certain natural substance (TNF) that is used by the immune system. Treatment decreases redness, itching and scaly patches in psoriasis as well as the pain, swelling and stiffness of joints in arthritis. This medication can stop the progression of disease and joint damage, resulting in improved daily functioning and quality of life. This medication treats but does not cure autoimmune diseases. Symptoms usually return within 1 month of stopping the medication. A recombinant version of soluble human TNF receptor fused to an IgG FC fragment that binds specifically to TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR and inhibits its binding with endogenous TNF receptors. It prevents the inflammatory effect of TNF and is used to treat RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.

In 2024, this provider wrote 21 Medicare prescriptions for Enbrel Sureclick, about half the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (43.8). Medicare paid an average of $8,231.52 per fill, versus $7,912.03 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
21
FL average
43.8

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$8,231.52
FL average
$7,912.03

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

21.9
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
616
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Allopurinol: Allopurinol is used to treat gout and certain types of kidney stones. Show more ▾

It is also used to prevent increased uric acid levels in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. These patients can have increased uric acid levels due to release of uric acid from the dying cancer cells. Allopurinol works by reducing the amount of uric acid made by the body. Increased uric acid levels can cause gout and kidney problems. A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.

In 2024, this provider wrote 20 Medicare prescriptions for Allopurinol, about half the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (47.5). Medicare paid an average of $5.72 per fill, versus $9.18 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
20
FL average
47.5

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$5.72
FL average
$9.18

This provider's average cost per fill is below the FL average for this medication.

47
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
1,410
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Leflunomide: This medication is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, a condition in which the body's defense system (immune system) fails to recognize the body as itself and attacks the healthy tissues around the joints. Show more ▾

Leflunomide helps to reduce the joint damage/pain/swelling and helps you to move better. It works by weakening your immune system and decreasing swelling (inflammation). An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.

In 2024, this provider wrote 18 Medicare prescriptions for Leflunomide, about a third of the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (64.2). Medicare paid an average of $97.69 per fill, versus $62.14 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
18
FL average
64.2

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$97.69
FL average
$62.14

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

45
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
1,350
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Kevzara: This medication is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA), or polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). Show more ▾

Sarilumab belongs to a class of drugs known as monoclonal antibodies. It helps reduce pain and swelling by blocking Interleukin-6, a substance made by the body that causes swelling (inflammation). Antibody against IL-6Ralpha in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

In 2024, this provider wrote 16 Medicare prescriptions for Kevzara, about 69% of the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (23.3). Medicare paid an average of $5,447.01 per fill, versus $4,567.95 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
16
FL average
23.3

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$5,447.01
FL average
$4,567.95

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

19.6
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
560
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Otezla: This medication is used to treat a certain type of arthritis (psoriatic arthritis). Show more ▾

Apremilast is also used to treat a certain type of skin condition (moderate to severe plaque psoriasis). Apremilast belongs to a class of drugs known as phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors. For the treatment of psoriatic arthritis, it decreases pain and swelling, and may help improve flexibility in the affected joints. For the treatment of plaque psoriasis, it may help to reduce the redness, thickening, and scaling of the skin that occurs with this condition. Apremilast is also used to treat mouth sores in people who have Behcet's disease. It helps to reduce the pain and improve the healing of these mouth sores. A PDE4 inhibitor with anti-ulcer activity.

In 2024, this provider wrote 13 Medicare prescriptions for Otezla, about 66% of the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (19.7). Medicare paid an average of $4,280.72 per fill, versus $4,965.17 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
13
FL average
19.7

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$4,280.72
FL average
$4,965.17

This provider's average cost per fill is below the FL average for this medication.

13
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
390
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Orencia: This medication is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, a condition in which the body's own defense system (immune system) attacks healthy tissue. Show more ▾

This leads to swelling in the joints, which causes pain and makes it harder to move. This medication is also used to treat other types of arthritis (such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis). Abatacept can also be used to prevent a certain problem that can occur after stem cell transplant (acute graft versus host disease). Abatacept works by weakening your immune system. For patients with arthritis, this effect helps to slow down joint damage and reduce joint pain and swelling so that they can move better. A fusion protein immunoconjugate of the extracellular domain of CTLA4 and the Fc domain of human IgG1. It functions as a T-cell co-stimulation blocker that inhibits TNF-ALPHA and prevents the activation of T-LYMPHOCYTES. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.

In 2024, this provider wrote 12 Medicare prescriptions for Orencia, about a third of the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (40.2). Medicare paid an average of $5,478.63 per fill, versus $4,600.17 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
12
FL average
40.2

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$5,478.63
FL average
$4,600.17

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

12
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
336
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Colchicine: This medication is used to prevent or treat gout attacks (flares). Show more ▾

Usually gout symptoms develop suddenly and involve only one or a few joints. The big toe, knee, or ankle joints are most often affected. Gout is caused by too much uric acid in the blood. When uric acid levels in the blood are too high, the uric acid may form hard crystals in your joints. Colchicine works by decreasing swelling and lessening the build up of uric acid crystals that cause pain in the affected joint(s). This medication is also used to prevent attacks of pain in the abdomen, chest, or joints caused by a certain inherited disease (familial Mediterranean fever). It is thought to work by decreasing your body's production of a certain protein (amyloid A) that builds up in people with familial Mediterranean fever. Colchicine is not a pain medication and should not be used to relieve other causes of pain. A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE).

In 2024, this provider wrote 11 Medicare prescriptions for Colchicine, about half the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (20.2). Medicare paid an average of $99.05 per fill, versus $55.29 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
11
FL average
20.2

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$99.05
FL average
$55.29

Gross Part D cost per fill; not the patient's out-of-pocket price.

25
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
734
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024

About Evenity (2 Syringes): Romosozumab is used to treat bone loss (osteoporosis) for women after menopause who are at high risk of having broken bones (fractures). Show more ▾

It works by increasing bone density and strength. This effect helps to decrease the risk of having a fracture. An anti-sclerostin agent for treatment of osteoporosis; in phase II clincal trials (2011).

In 2024, this provider wrote 11 Medicare prescriptions for Evenity (2 Syringes), about a third of the volume of the typical Florida prescriber of this medication (26.5). Medicare paid an average of $2,467.77 per fill, versus $2,501.34 statewide.

How often this provider prescribes it

This provider
11
FL average
26.5

This provider prescribes this medication less often than the average FL prescriber. Utilization reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.

What Medicare paid per fill

This provider
$2,467.77
FL average
$2,501.34

This provider's average cost per fill is below the FL average for this medication.

11
30-Day Fills
standardized to 30-day supplies
308
Days of Medication
total across all patients in 2024
No medications match the current filters.
= the 5 medications this provider prescribes most.▲ More than typical≈ Typical▼ Less than typical= prescription volume vs the average FL prescriber of the same medication; volume reflects practice size as well as clinical preference.Green cost= below the FL average cost per fill.

About this data. The prescription history for MARIA SKOPIS DO is compiled from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Medicare Part D Prescriber Public Use File for calendar year 2024, the most recent federal release. Figures cover prescriptions filled for Medicare Part D beneficiaries only; prescriptions under private insurance, Medicaid, or self-pay plans are not included. Because prescribing decisions are generally consistent across coverage types, this record offers a useful view of the overall Rheumatology prescribing approach at this Clearwater, FL practice.

Reading the costs. Drug costs are gross amounts paid to pharmacies under Part D, including both plan and beneficiary payments. They are not the price a patient pays at the pharmacy counter. Medications with fewer than 11 claims are excluded from the federal source data, and state comparisons use the average among FL prescribers of the same medication and form, shown only when at least five prescribers contribute. Always confirm current medications and costs directly with the provider and your plan.

About the medication summaries. Drug use descriptions come from the CMS Medicare Part D Drug Spending Dashboard (2024), and substance definitions from Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) 2026, U.S. National Library of Medicine. They are summaries that do not contain all possible information about a medication and are not individual medical advice. Ask a health care professional about any medication and your specific health needs.