DR. JAY MICHAEL CLINE M.D.
Prescription History 1922319813
Otolaryngology in Lynchburg, VA


Quality Rating: 94.46 out of 100 score

NPI Status: Active since June 25, 2010

Contact Information

2321 ATHERHOLT RD
LYNCHBURG, VA
ZIP 24501
Phone: (434) 485-7382
Fax: (434) 947-3992

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Prescription History for Informed Healthcare Decisions

Explore the verified Medicare Part D prescription history, volume metrics, and calculated drug costs for DR. JAY MICHAEL CLINE M.D., an active Otolaryngology specialist practicing in Lynchburg, VA. Our medical registry currently tracks 15 unique pharmaceutical formulations prescribed by this provider, representing an estimated volume of 692 documented patient claims. Among these therapy options, the most frequently utilized medication is Ipratropium Bromide, which accounts for 181 claims alone.


Amoxicillin-Clavulanate Potass

Generic Formulation: Amoxicillin/Potassium ClavSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 24
30-Day Fills 24.0
Days Supply 265
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims24.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills24.8
Peer Average Days Supply227
Standard Average Utilization

This provider's prescribing patterns for this therapeutic formulation sit directly in line with standard baseline averages across VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $229.60 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$9.57

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$13.58

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.

Therapeutic Applications

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is a combination penicillin-type antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This antibiotic treats only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Using any antibiotic when it is not needed can cause it to not work for future infections.

Azelastine Hcl

Generic Formulation: Azelastine HclSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 107
30-Day Fills 191.4
Days Supply 5,605
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims30.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills48.2
Peer Average Days Supply1,403
Highly Elevated Utilization

This provider exhibits a high preference for this treatment path, registering a volume 256.7% higher than the standard regional baseline profile for VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $5,238.18 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$48.95

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$49.12

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Therapeutic Applications

This medication is used to relieve nasal symptoms such as runny/itching/stuffy nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip caused by allergies or other conditions. Azelastine belongs to a class of drugs known as antihistamines. It works by blocking certain natural substances called histamines that are responsible for nasal symptoms.

Dexamethasone

Generic Formulation: DexamethasoneSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 16
30-Day Fills 16.0
Days Supply 156
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims30.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills33.0
Peer Average Days Supply510
Conservative Utilization

This provider writes prescriptions for this formulation 46.7% less frequently than the standard regional baseline metric for practitioners inside VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $362.73 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$22.67

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$18.26

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

Therapeutic Applications

Dexamethasone is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, blood/hormone disorders, allergic reactions, skin diseases, eye problems, breathing problems, bowel disorders, cancer, and immune system disorders. It is also used as a test for an adrenal gland disorder (Cushing's syndrome). Dexamethasone belongs to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids. It decreases your immune system's response to various diseases to reduce symptoms such as swelling and allergic-type reactions.

Famotidine

Generic Formulation: FamotidineSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 52
30-Day Fills 82.0
Days Supply 2,460
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims21.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills21.1
Peer Average Days Supply168
Highly Elevated Utilization

This provider exhibits a high preference for this treatment path, registering a volume 147.6% higher than the standard regional baseline profile for VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $475.43 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$9.14

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$11.13

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.

Therapeutic Applications

Famotidine is used to treat ulcers of the stomach and intestines and to prevent intestinal ulcers from coming back after they have healed. This medication is also used to treat certain stomach and throat (esophagus) problems (such as erosive esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease-GERD, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). It works by decreasing the amount of acid your stomach makes. It relieves symptoms such as cough that doesn't go away, stomach pain, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing. Famotidine belongs to a class of drugs known as H2 blockers. This medication is also available without a prescription. It is used to prevent and treat heartburn and other symptoms caused by too much acid in the stomach (acid indigestion). If you are taking this medication for self-treatment, it is important to read the manufacturer's package instructions carefully so you know when to consult your doctor or pharmacist.

Fluocinolone Acetonide Oil

Generic Formulation: Fluocinolone Acetonide OilSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 12
30-Day Fills 12.4
Days Supply 327
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims19.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills24.0
Peer Average Days Supply588
Conservative Utilization

This provider writes prescriptions for this formulation 36.8% less frequently than the standard regional baseline metric for practitioners inside VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $728.49 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$60.71

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$67.26

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Therapeutic Applications

This medication is used to treat eczema of the outer ear (also known as chronic itchy ear). The main symptom is itchiness, but redness, flaking, or oozing may also occur. Fluocinolone reduces these symptoms. This medication is a low- to medium-strength corticosteroid.

Fluticasone Propionate

Generic Formulation: Fluticasone PropionateSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 48
30-Day Fills 73.5
Days Supply 2,205
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims45.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills81.3
Peer Average Days Supply2,431
Standard Average Utilization

This provider's prescribing patterns for this therapeutic formulation sit directly in line with standard baseline averages across VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $587.35 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$12.24

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$17.38

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.

Therapeutic Applications

Fluticasone is used to control and prevent symptoms (such as wheezing and shortness of breath) caused by asthma. Controlling symptoms of asthma helps you maintain your normal activities and decreases time lost from work or school. Fluticasone belongs to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids. It works by reducing swelling (inflammation) of the airways in the lungs to make breathing easier. This medication must be used regularly to be effective. It does not work right away and should not be used to relieve sudden asthma attacks. If an asthma attack occurs, use your quick-relief inhaler (such as albuterol, also called salbutamol in some countries) as prescribed.

Hydrocodone-Acetaminophen

Generic Formulation: Hydrocodone/AcetaminophenSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 24
30-Day Fills 24.0
Days Supply 82
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims65.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills65.5
Peer Average Days Supply1,342
Highly Conservative Utilization

This provider demonstrates a highly selective approach to this formula, recording 63.1% less volume than the regional standard for practitioners inside VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $151.81 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$6.33

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$20.01

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Therapeutic Applications

This combination medication is used to relieve moderate to severe pain. It contains an opioid pain reliever (hydrocodone) and a non-opioid pain reliever (acetaminophen). Hydrocodone works in the brain to change how your body feels and responds to pain. Acetaminophen can also reduce a fever.

Ipratropium Bromide

Generic Formulation: Ipratropium BromideSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 181
30-Day Fills 239.6
Days Supply 6,040
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims29.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills45.7
Peer Average Days Supply1,258
Highly Elevated Utilization

This provider exhibits a high preference for this treatment path, registering a volume 524.1% higher than the standard regional baseline profile for VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $5,572.59 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$30.79

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$50.56

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A muscarinic antagonist structurally related to ATROPINE but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use. It is used for various bronchial disorders, in rhinitis, and as an antiarrhythmic.

Therapeutic Applications

Ipratropium is used to control and prevent symptoms (wheezing and shortness of breath) caused by ongoing lung disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-COPD which includes bronchitis and emphysema). It works by relaxing the muscles around the airways so that they open up and you can breathe more easily. Controlling symptoms of breathing problems can decrease time lost from work or school. For preventing symptoms of lung disease, this medication must be used regularly to be effective. Use your quick-relief inhaler (such as albuterol, also called salbutamol in some countries) for wheezing or sudden shortness of breath unless otherwise directed by your doctor. Ipratropium does not work as fast as your quick-relief inhaler, but may sometimes be used to relieve symptoms of wheezing or sudden shortness of breath if so prescribed by your doctor.

Meloxicam

Generic Formulation: MeloxicamSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 16
30-Day Fills 16.0
Days Supply 240
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims49.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills83.0
Peer Average Days Supply2,456
Highly Conservative Utilization

This provider demonstrates a highly selective approach to this formula, recording 67.3% less volume than the regional standard for practitioners inside VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $23.42 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$1.46

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$6.05

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.

Therapeutic Applications

Meloxicam is used to help relieve moderate to severe pain. Meloxicam is known as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works by blocking your body's production of certain natural substances that cause inflammation. This effect helps to decrease swelling or pain.

Montelukast Sodium

Generic Formulation: Montelukast SodiumSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 52
30-Day Fills 119.3
Days Supply 3,580
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims60.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills139.3
Peer Average Days Supply4,157
Standard Average Utilization

This provider's prescribing patterns for this therapeutic formulation sit directly in line with standard baseline averages across VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $430.63 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$8.28

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$19.90

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Therapeutic Applications

Montelukast is used to control and prevent symptoms caused by asthma (such as wheezing and shortness of breath). It is also used before exercise to prevent breathing problems during exercise (bronchospasm). This medication can help decrease the number of times you need to use your quick relief inhaler. Montelukast is also used to relieve symptoms of hay fever and allergic rhinitis (such as sneezing, stuffy/runny/itchy nose). Since there are other allergy medications that may be safer (see also Warning section), this medication should be used for this condition only when you cannot take other allergy medications or they do not work well. This medication must be used regularly to be effective. It does not work right away and should not be used to relieve sudden asthma attacks or breathing problems. If an asthma attack or sudden shortness of breath occurs, use your quick-relief inhaler as prescribed. This drug works by blocking certain natural substances (leukotrienes) that may cause or worsen asthma and allergies. It helps make breathing easier by reducing swelling (inflammation) in the airways.

Omeprazole

Generic Formulation: OmeprazoleSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 83
30-Day Fills 115.0
Days Supply 3,450
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims89.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills206.9
Peer Average Days Supply6,164
Standard Average Utilization

This provider's prescribing patterns for this therapeutic formulation sit directly in line with standard baseline averages across VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $726.76 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$8.76

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$14.57

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.

Therapeutic Applications

Omeprazole is used to treat certain stomach and esophagus problems (such as acid reflux, ulcers). It works by decreasing the amount of acid your stomach makes. It relieves symptoms such as heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and cough. This medication helps heal acid damage to the stomach and esophagus, helps prevent ulcers, and may help prevent cancer of the esophagus. Omeprazole belongs to a class of drugs known as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). If you are self-treating with this medication, over-the-counter omeprazole products are used to treat frequent heartburn (occurring 2 or more days a week). Since it may take 1 to 4 days to have full effect, these products do not relieve heartburn right away. For over-the-counter products, carefully read the package instructions to make sure the product is right for you. Check the ingredients on the label even if you have used the product before. The manufacturer may have changed the ingredients. Also, products with similar brand names may contain different ingredients meant for different purposes. Taking the wrong product could harm you.

Pantoprazole Sodium

Generic Formulation: Pantoprazole SodiumSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 18
30-Day Fills 28.0
Days Supply 840
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims67.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills144.3
Peer Average Days Supply4,282
Highly Conservative Utilization

This provider demonstrates a highly selective approach to this formula, recording 73.1% less volume than the regional standard for practitioners inside VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $223.38 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$12.41

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$16.80

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.

Therapeutic Applications

Pantoprazole is used to treat certain stomach and esophagus problems (such as acid reflux). It works by decreasing the amount of acid your stomach makes. This medication relieves symptoms such as heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and cough. It helps heal acid damage to the stomach and esophagus, helps prevent ulcers, and may help prevent cancer of the esophagus. Pantoprazole belongs to a class of drugs known as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Prednisone

Generic Formulation: PrednisoneSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 30
30-Day Fills 30.0
Days Supply 179
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims47.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills56.5
Peer Average Days Supply1,001
Conservative Utilization

This provider writes prescriptions for this formulation 36.2% less frequently than the standard regional baseline metric for practitioners inside VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $92.16 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$3.07

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$6.74

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.

Therapeutic Applications

Prednisone is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, blood disorders, breathing problems, severe allergies, skin diseases, cancer, eye problems, and immune system disorders. Prednisone belongs to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids. It decreases your immune system's response to various diseases to reduce symptoms such as swelling and allergic-type reactions.

Tobramycin-Dexamethasone

Generic Formulation: Tobramycin/DexamethasoneSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 16
30-Day Fills 16.0
Days Supply 146
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims29.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills31.5
Peer Average Days Supply584
Conservative Utilization

This provider writes prescriptions for this formulation 44.8% less frequently than the standard regional baseline metric for practitioners inside VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $1,051.54 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$65.72

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$78.45

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A topical preparation of tobramycin and dexamethasone that is used for treating or preventing superficial bacterial infections of the eye.

Therapeutic Applications

This medication is used to treat or prevent eye infections. This medication contains two drugs. Tobramycin belongs to a class of drugs called aminoglycoside antibiotics. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. Dexamethasone belongs to a class of drugs called corticosteroids. It works by reducing swelling. This medication treats/prevents only bacterial eye infections. It will not work for other types of eye infections. Unnecessary use or overuse of any antibiotic can lead to its decreased effectiveness.

Triamterene-Hydrochlorothiazid

Generic Formulation: Triamterene/HydrochlorothiazidSpecialty: Otolaryngology
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 13
30-Day Fills 25.0
Days Supply 750
VA State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims27.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills69.8
Peer Average Days Supply2,090
Highly Conservative Utilization

This provider demonstrates a highly selective approach to this formula, recording 51.9% less volume than the regional standard for practitioners inside VA. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $62.44 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$4.80

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$11.71

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Therapeutic Applications

This drug is used to treat high blood pressure. Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. This medication is a combination of two water pills (diuretics): triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide. This combination is used by people who have developed or are at risk for having low potassium levels on hydrochlorothiazide. It causes you to make more urine, which helps your body get rid of extra salt and water. This medication also reduces extra fluid in the body (edema) caused by conditions such as heart failure, liver disease, or kidney disease. This can lessen symptoms such as shortness of breath or swelling in your ankles or feet.

Dataset Methodology & CMS Source Information

This analytical profile maps public infrastructure records sourced directly from official **Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)** public data releases. The statistics above track documented pharmaceutical treatment trends assigned to beneficiaries specifically under federal public programs. Evaluating the prescriptive footprints of clinical practitioners like DR. JAY MICHAEL CLINE M.D. provides transparency into local medical care patterns within Lynchburg, VA.

Key Learning Objectives for this Profile:

  • Prescribing Frequencies: Track and evaluate the volume metrics of specific brand-name and generic medical formulas chosen by this provider over time.
  • Clinical Focus Areas: Identify how the provider distributes therapeutic selections across medical care options to gain insight into their true day-to-day **Otolaryngology** practice concentrations.
  • Program Cost Awareness: Review the calculated total systemic drug costs and raw transactional volumes linked to these orders to better anticipate network insurance coverage structures.
  • Patient-Centered Evaluation: Cross-reference localized regional care comparisons to align practitioner habits directly with your proactive health maintenance goals.

Data Scope Exclusion & Limitations: The data elements presented above explicitly reflect prescription orders processed for Medicare beneficiaries during the year 2023. This informational profile does not aggregate prescription data for individuals utilizing private commercial health plans, state Medicaid coverage, or self-pay options. However, because medical decision-making remains highly consistent across clinical settings, this public registry provides a reliable proxy for understanding the general prescribing preferences and pharmaceutical care approach used by this provider.