KAREN E. LEITZEL M.D.
Prescription History 1528090800
Family Medicine in Crown Point, IN

NPI Status: Active since July 07, 2006

Contact Information

1201 S MAIN ST
ATTN: ER DEPT
CROWN POINT, IN
ZIP 46307
Phone: (219) 757-3218
Fax: (219) 757-6882

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Prescription History for Informed Healthcare Decisions

Explore the verified Medicare Part D prescription history, volume metrics, and calculated drug costs for KAREN E. LEITZEL M.D., an active Family Medicine specialist practicing in Crown Point, IN. Our medical registry currently tracks 15 unique pharmaceutical formulations prescribed by this provider, representing an estimated volume of 395 documented patient claims. Among these therapy options, the most frequently utilized medication is Doxycycline Hyclate, which accounts for 53 claims alone.


Albuterol Sulfate Hfa

Generic Formulation: Albuterol SulfateSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 17
30-Day Fills 17.0
Days Supply 320
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims69.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills86.0
Peer Average Days Supply2,161
Highly Conservative Utilization

This provider demonstrates a highly selective approach to this formula, recording 75.4% less volume than the regional standard for practitioners inside IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $493.63 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$29.04

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$48.49

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.

Therapeutic Applications

Albuterol (also known as salbutamol) is used to treat wheezing and shortness of breath caused by breathing problems such as asthma. It is a quick-relief medication. Albuterol belongs to a class of drugs known as bronchodilators. It works by relaxing the muscles around the airways so that they open up and you can breathe more easily. Controlling symptoms of breathing problems can decrease time lost from work or school.

Amoxicillin

Generic Formulation: AmoxicillinSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 25
30-Day Fills 25.0
Days Supply 226
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims38.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills39.0
Peer Average Days Supply264
Conservative Utilization

This provider writes prescriptions for this formulation 34.2% less frequently than the standard regional baseline metric for practitioners inside IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $105.03 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$4.20

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$3.76

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.

Therapeutic Applications

Amoxicillin is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. This medication is a penicillin-type antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This antibiotic treats only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Using any antibiotic when it is not needed can cause it to not work for future infections. Amoxicillin is also used with other medications to treat stomach/intestinal ulcers caused by the bacteria H. pylori and to prevent the ulcers from returning.

Amoxicillin-Clavulanate Potass

Generic Formulation: Amoxicillin/Potassium ClavSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 38
30-Day Fills 38.0
Days Supply 368
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims25.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills25.1
Peer Average Days Supply223
Highly Elevated Utilization

This provider exhibits a high preference for this treatment path, registering a volume 52.0% higher than the standard regional baseline profile for IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $321.07 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$8.45

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$12.98

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.

Therapeutic Applications

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is a combination penicillin-type antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This antibiotic treats only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Using any antibiotic when it is not needed can cause it to not work for future infections.

Azithromycin

Generic Formulation: AzithromycinSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 23
30-Day Fills 23.0
Days Supply 113
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims34.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills35.7
Peer Average Days Supply279
Conservative Utilization

This provider writes prescriptions for this formulation 32.4% less frequently than the standard regional baseline metric for practitioners inside IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $110.77 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$4.82

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$9.28

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.

Therapeutic Applications

This medication is used to treat certain eye infections. It is a macrolide antibiotic that works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This medication treats only bacterial eye infections. It will not work for other types of eye infections. Unnecessary use or misuse of any antibiotic can lead to its decreased effectiveness.

Cefdinir

Generic Formulation: CefdinirSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 13
30-Day Fills 13.0
Days Supply 110
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims27.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills27.7
Peer Average Days Supply244
Highly Conservative Utilization

This provider demonstrates a highly selective approach to this formula, recording 51.9% less volume than the regional standard for practitioners inside IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $363.41 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$27.95

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$21.75

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.

Therapeutic Applications

Cefdinir is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. This medication is known as a cephalosporin antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This antibiotic treats only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Using any antibiotic when it is not needed can cause it to not work for future infections.

Cephalexin

Generic Formulation: CephalexinSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 51
30-Day Fills 51.0
Days Supply 377
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims33.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills36.4
Peer Average Days Supply393
Highly Elevated Utilization

This provider exhibits a high preference for this treatment path, registering a volume 54.5% higher than the standard regional baseline profile for IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $447.45 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$8.77

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$8.94

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

Therapeutic Applications

This medication is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. This medication is known as a cephalosporin antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This medication will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Unnecessary use or misuse of any antibiotic can lead to its decreased effectiveness.

Doxycycline Hyclate

Generic Formulation: Doxycycline HyclateSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 53
30-Day Fills 53.0
Days Supply 385
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims29.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills32.2
Peer Average Days Supply431
Highly Elevated Utilization

This provider exhibits a high preference for this treatment path, registering a volume 82.8% higher than the standard regional baseline profile for IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $625.05 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$11.79

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$23.61

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A synthetic tetracycline derivative with similar antimicrobial activity.

Therapeutic Applications

This medication is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections, including those that cause acne. This medication is also used to prevent malaria. This medication is known as a tetracycline antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This antibiotic treats only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Using any antibiotic when it is not needed can cause it to not work for future infections.

Fluticasone Propionate

Generic Formulation: Fluticasone PropionateSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 21
30-Day Fills 26.0
Days Supply 780
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims47.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills85.8
Peer Average Days Supply2,564
Highly Conservative Utilization

This provider demonstrates a highly selective approach to this formula, recording 55.3% less volume than the regional standard for practitioners inside IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $182.89 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$8.71

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$19.79

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.

Therapeutic Applications

Fluticasone is used to control and prevent symptoms (such as wheezing and shortness of breath) caused by asthma. Controlling symptoms of asthma helps you maintain your normal activities and decreases time lost from work or school. Fluticasone belongs to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids. It works by reducing swelling (inflammation) of the airways in the lungs to make breathing easier. This medication must be used regularly to be effective. It does not work right away and should not be used to relieve sudden asthma attacks. If an asthma attack occurs, use your quick-relief inhaler (such as albuterol, also called salbutamol in some countries) as prescribed.

Hydrocodone-Acetaminophen

Generic Formulation: Hydrocodone/AcetaminophenSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 14
30-Day Fills 14.0
Days Supply 43
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims100.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills100.4
Peer Average Days Supply2,051
Highly Conservative Utilization

This provider demonstrates a highly selective approach to this formula, recording 86.0% less volume than the regional standard for practitioners inside IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $58.54 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$4.18

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$20.47

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Therapeutic Applications

This combination medication is used to relieve moderate to severe pain. It contains an opioid pain reliever (hydrocodone) and a non-opioid pain reliever (acetaminophen). Hydrocodone works in the brain to change how your body feels and responds to pain. Acetaminophen can also reduce a fever.

Ipratropium Bromide

Generic Formulation: Ipratropium BromideSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 20
30-Day Fills 25.9
Days Supply 777
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims29.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills44.2
Peer Average Days Supply1,207
Conservative Utilization

This provider writes prescriptions for this formulation 31.0% less frequently than the standard regional baseline metric for practitioners inside IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $549.31 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$27.47

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$51.29

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A muscarinic antagonist structurally related to ATROPINE but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use. It is used for various bronchial disorders, in rhinitis, and as an antiarrhythmic.

Therapeutic Applications

Ipratropium is used to control and prevent symptoms (wheezing and shortness of breath) caused by ongoing lung disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-COPD which includes bronchitis and emphysema). It works by relaxing the muscles around the airways so that they open up and you can breathe more easily. Controlling symptoms of breathing problems can decrease time lost from work or school. For preventing symptoms of lung disease, this medication must be used regularly to be effective. Use your quick-relief inhaler (such as albuterol, also called salbutamol in some countries) for wheezing or sudden shortness of breath unless otherwise directed by your doctor. Ipratropium does not work as fast as your quick-relief inhaler, but may sometimes be used to relieve symptoms of wheezing or sudden shortness of breath if so prescribed by your doctor.

Nitrofurantoin Mono-Macro

Generic Formulation: Nitrofurantoin Monohyd/M-CrystSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 17
30-Day Fills 17.0
Days Supply 122
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims26.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills28.1
Peer Average Days Supply289
Conservative Utilization

This provider writes prescriptions for this formulation 34.6% less frequently than the standard regional baseline metric for practitioners inside IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $300.28 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$17.66

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$26.63

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Therapeutic Applications

This medication is an antibiotic used to treat bladder infections (acute cystitis). It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This antibiotic treats only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Using any antibiotic when it is not needed can cause it to not work for future infections. This medication should not be used in infants younger than 1 month old (see also Precautions section). This drug should not be used to treat infections outside the bladder (including kidney infections such as pyelonephritis or perinephric abscesses).

Paxlovid (Eua)

Generic Formulation: Nirmatrelvir/RitonavirSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 23
30-Day Fills 23.0
Days Supply 115
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims22.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills22.5
Peer Average Days Supply114
Standard Average Utilization

This provider's prescribing patterns for this therapeutic formulation sit directly in line with standard baseline averages across IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $224.80 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$9.77

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$10.75

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Therapeutic Applications

The combination of nirmatrelvir tablets and ritonavir tablets is a product that the FDA is allowing to be given for emergency use to treat COVID-19. The product is also approved to be used in Canada to treat COVID-19. It is used by people who have recently tested positive for coronavirus, have had mild to moderate symptoms for no more than 5 days and are not hospitalized. To receive this product you must also be at high risk for COVID-19 complications due to older age, obesity, or ongoing medical conditions (such as lung or heart disease or diabetes, among others). Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of treatment with nirmatrelvir and ritonavir. Nirmatrelvir is a SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor. It works by preventing the growth of the virus that causes COVID-19. Ritonavir increases (boosts) the levels of nirmatrelvir. This helps nirmatrelvir work better. More information about nirmatrelvir and ritonavir is available from the FDA Fact Sheet for Patients, Parents, and Caregivers for Emergency Use and from the Health Canada Patient Medication Information sheet. There is limited information about how safe and effective the combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir is for treating COVID-19. Study results show that nirmatrelvir and ritonavir may help people who have recently tested positive for coronavirus stay out of the hospital. This product is not for use by people who are hospitalized due to COVID-19. The information in this document reflects emerging data, which is evolving and subject to reassessment. Users should be aware of these considerations in their review of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir, and it is always the responsibility of treating practitioners to exercise independent judgement in making care decisions.

Prednisone

Generic Formulation: PrednisoneSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 50
30-Day Fills 50.0
Days Supply 241
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims47.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills56.5
Peer Average Days Supply977
Standard Average Utilization

This provider's prescribing patterns for this therapeutic formulation sit directly in line with standard baseline averages across IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $76.81 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$1.54

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$5.57

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.

Therapeutic Applications

Prednisone is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, blood disorders, breathing problems, severe allergies, skin diseases, cancer, eye problems, and immune system disorders. Prednisone belongs to a class of drugs known as corticosteroids. It decreases your immune system's response to various diseases to reduce symptoms such as swelling and allergic-type reactions.

Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim

Generic Formulation: Sulfamethoxazole/TrimethoprimSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 19
30-Day Fills 19.0
Days Supply 187
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims27.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills30.6
Peer Average Days Supply407
Conservative Utilization

This provider writes prescriptions for this formulation 29.6% less frequently than the standard regional baseline metric for practitioners inside IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $117.08 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$6.16

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$6.14

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.

Therapeutic Applications

This medication is a combination of two antibiotics: sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections (such as middle ear, urine, respiratory, and intestinal infections). It is also used to prevent and treat a certain type of pneumonia (pneumocystis-type). This medication should not be used by children less than 2 months of age due to the risk of serious side effects. This medication treats only certain types of infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as flu). Unnecessary use or misuse of any antibiotic can lead to its decreased effectiveness.

Triamcinolone Acetonide

Generic Formulation: Triamcinolone AcetonideSpecialty: Family Practice
Provider Metrics Summary
Total Claims 11
30-Day Fills 11.0
Days Supply 186
IN State Average Benchmarks
Peer Average Claims35.0
Peer Average 30-Day Fills39.7
Peer Average Days Supply943
Highly Conservative Utilization

This provider demonstrates a highly selective approach to this formula, recording 68.6% less volume than the regional standard for practitioners inside IN. Gross expenditures recorded under Medicare program tracking definitions for this provider calculate to an estimated aggregate of $90.58 across this reporting matrix range.

Provider Avg Cost Per Claim

$8.23

State Avg Cost Per Claim

$11.15

Note on Expenses: These indicators represent gross infrastructure resource tracking paid directly to supply pharmacy networks by Medicare Part D configurations. These calculations do not track individual patient insurance tier copays or out-of-pocket shelf prices at retail checkout lanes.

Clinical Summary

An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.

Therapeutic Applications

This medication is used in a variety of conditions such as allergic disorders, arthritis, gout, blood diseases, breathing problems, certain cancers, eye diseases, intestinal disorders, collagen and skin diseases. Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of triamcinolone, especially if it is to be injected near your spine (epidural). Rare but serious side effects may occur with epidural use. Triamcinolone is known as a corticosteroid hormone (glucocorticoid). It works by decreasing your body's immune response to these diseases and reduces symptoms such as swelling.

Dataset Methodology & CMS Source Information

This analytical profile maps public infrastructure records sourced directly from official **Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)** public data releases. The statistics above track documented pharmaceutical treatment trends assigned to beneficiaries specifically under federal public programs. Evaluating the prescriptive footprints of clinical practitioners like KAREN E. LEITZEL M.D. provides transparency into local medical care patterns within Crown Point, IN.

Key Learning Objectives for this Profile:

  • Prescribing Frequencies: Track and evaluate the volume metrics of specific brand-name and generic medical formulas chosen by this provider over time.
  • Clinical Focus Areas: Identify how the provider distributes therapeutic selections across medical care options to gain insight into their true day-to-day **Family Medicine** practice concentrations.
  • Program Cost Awareness: Review the calculated total systemic drug costs and raw transactional volumes linked to these orders to better anticipate network insurance coverage structures.
  • Patient-Centered Evaluation: Cross-reference localized regional care comparisons to align practitioner habits directly with your proactive health maintenance goals.

Data Scope Exclusion & Limitations: The data elements presented above explicitly reflect prescription orders processed for Medicare beneficiaries during the year 2023. This informational profile does not aggregate prescription data for individuals utilizing private commercial health plans, state Medicaid coverage, or self-pay options. However, because medical decision-making remains highly consistent across clinical settings, this public registry provides a reliable proxy for understanding the general prescribing preferences and pharmaceutical care approach used by this provider.